Revision #2

Question 1

Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920

Answer 1

Established first dedicated lab
Established first psych journal
“Founder of psychology’

Question 2

Stanley Hall 1844- 1924

Answer 2

Worked briefly with wundt
First dedicated psych lab in US
First dedicated psych journal in US
Established apa

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Established one os the first lab of experimental psych in the US
Principles of psychology
1st harvard course

Question 4

Structuralism→ Edward Titchener→ interested in the structure of consciousness

Answer 4

Break down consciousness into basic components: sensations, thoughts feelings, images, ideas etc.
Studied through introspection

Question 5

Functionalism→ William James→ Interested in the function of consciousness

Answer 5

Understanding how consciousness is used
Studied through how people adapt
- Mental testing
- Developmental changes
- Gender differences

Question 6

Psychoanalytic Approach

Answer 6

Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler

focusing on the unconscious as an explanation

unconscious= driving force, but blocked to conscious awareness

Something deeper than the subconscious, can’t access it.

Accessed through dreams, slips of tongues, hypnosis and other methods.

Inkblot method

Question 7

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
Physician
Introduced the unconscious as a force (and explanation) for behaviour and disorder
Focused on the treatment of mental disorders
Used psychoanalysis
- Patient talks freely and therapist tries to identify unconscious conflicts
Many followers, but many critiques. Very influential even today
- Criticism: too much focus on sex, untestable

Question 8

Gestalt Psychology 1912

Answer 8

The whole is worth more than some of it’s parts

• You can’t study consciousness by breaking it down to it’s components- you have to study it entirely
• Problem solving
• Perception

Question 9

Behaviourism 1913-present

Answer 9

• Only study observable behaviour
• Scientifically- better to observe what is objective (what can been seen/ ,easured)
• Ignore the conscious and unconscious mind

Stimulus response approach:

• Stimulus (something in the environment)
• Response (behaviour)
• All human behaviour can be explained in terms of the interactions with the environment
• Studying stimulus responses in other animals

Question 10

Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus (food) is associated with an UCR (salvation)
When conditioned stimulus (bell) is repeatedly paured it will cause a CR

Question 11

Radical behaviorism- skinner

Answer 11

1950s
Operant conditioning (reward and punishment)
Free will is an illusion, products of our different learning environments and different stimulus

Question 12

Humanistic Psychology (1950- present)

Answer 12

Revolts against behaviourism and psychoanalytic approach
Focuses on uniqueness of human, drive for personal growth and freewill
More optimistic approach to understanding people
Studying of animals is pointless
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Question 13

Cognitive Psychology (1950- present)

Answer 13

Focusing on cognition as an explanation

• cognition - mental processing of information
• Memory
• Revolt against behaviourism which ignored all cognition
• Came apart partly because of advance in technology (processing)

Jean Piaget- cognitive development in children
Noam Chomsky- cognitive process that underlie language
Herbert Simon- problem solving

Question 14

Biological Psychology/ neuroscience

Answer 14

Explanations in terms of biology and structures of the brain
Research interest grew in 1950- 1960’s with advances in technology
ECT readings
Roger sperry- left and right hemisphere of the brain are specialised
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Neurons
Modern technology
Means this field is continuing to grow

Question 15

Women in psychology:

Answer 15

Women have not always been afforded the same opportunities as men but they have made an impact in history of psychology 
Mary Whiton Calkins (1963-1930)
Founded one of the first 12 lap in psych
First female president of APA
Harvard didn’t award her a PhD
Margaret Floy Washurn
First female to get PhD in psych
The animal mind (1908)
Essential reading
Second female president of the APA

Question 16

Evolutionary Psychology (1980s- present)

Answer 16

Explanations in terms of evolutionary process
Our brain and behaviour are a legacy of ancestral past
Evolution
Behaviours that are adaptive are more likely to be passed onto the next generation

Question 17

Cross Cultural Psychology

Answer 17

USA leaders in psychological research
A lot of psychological research has taken place in America (first world countries)
Convenience sampling
A lot of psychological research has been conducted on university students
Thus, a lot of what we know is based on well educated, middle class people from developed countries
Cross cultural:
Cultural factors are taken into consideration
People from different background and cultures
Given the “global village” it is now easier than ever before study people from different cultures

Question 18

Positive Psychology (1998- present)

Answer 18

Focus on the positive aspects of humanity
What makes people adaptive, creative and fulfilled
Rather than focussing on mental illness and treatment
Reminiscent of Humanistic Movement
Martin Seligman