REVISION Flashcards
What sources of energy do cells use?
ATP, Adenosine triphosphate.
What nutrients does a cell require?
Sugars, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Why do cells need to remove wastes like carbon dioxide, oxygen, urea, ammonia, uric acid, water,
ions, metabolic heat?
To mitigate disease and deterioration of the cell.
Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
Has no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, simple structure,scattered ribosomes, plasmids, flagella and pili.
What does it mean to compare?
To say similarities, differences and significance.
Characteristics of an eukaryotic cell?
Has a nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, complex structure, DNA in chromosomes, animal and plant cells.
What is the function of the ‘chloroplast’?
Responsible for consuming light energy and producing chemical energy through photosynthesis.
What is the function of the ‘mitochondria’?
Responsible for cellular respiration, and the conversion of glucose into ATP.
What is the function of the ‘endoplasmic reticulum’?
Protein synthesis, and the transport of proteins.
What is the function of ‘plastids’?
Responsible for manufacturing and storing foods, contains pigments for photosynthesis.
What is the function of ‘lysosomes’?
Responsible for the removal of waste in the cell. Their digestive enzymes break down waste.
What is the fluid mosaic phospholipid bilayer?
Is apart of the cell membrane that controls movement between the internal and external environments of a cell.
What is a ‘channel protein’?
Allows the transport of specific polar molecules across the cell membrane.
What is a ‘carrier protein’?
Binds the specific solutes and transfer them across the lipid bilayer.
What is a ‘phospholipid’?
Molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What is a ‘glycoprotein’?
A protein responsible for cell-cell recognition.
Whats is ‘cholesterol’?
Cholesterol is a substance used to regulate temperature in the phospholipid bilayer.
What is the impact of the increase of surface area on reaction rates?
As there is more SA available, there is more area for particles to collide.
What is the role of enzymes?
Their role is to catalyse chemical reactions, and regulate the rate of reactions.
Lock and Key Model.
The enzyme has an active site that specifically fits the substrate.
Induced Fit Model.
The enzyme’s active site alters it shape to fit the substrate.
How does surface area influence reaction rate?
The more SA available, the more area for particles to collide.
How do enzymes influence reaction rate?
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
What is the unbalanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is photosynthesis?
An enzyme-controlled series of chemical reaction that catalyse light energy into chemical energy.
Inputs and Outputs of Light Dependent:
Input: H2O, ADP, Pi, NADP+
Output: NADPH, ATP, Oxygen gas.
Inputs and Outputs of Light Independent:
Input: Co2, ATP, NADPH
Output: Glucose, ADP, Pi, NADP+
What is Light Dependent? Where is it located?
The process of light energy converting into ATP and NADH. In thylakoid membrane.
What is Light Independent? Where does it occur?
THe process of using the stored chemical energy, ATP and NADH to make glucose. In the stroma.
What is Aerobic Respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the process of converting glucose into energy when there is limited oxygen available.
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Lactic Acid Fermentation is a metabolic process, for when the cell has no oxygen and converts glucose into lactic acid and ATP.
What is Alcohol Fermentation?
Alcohol Fermentation is the process of yeasts and bacteria breaking down pyruvic acid to create ethanol alcohol + CO2 + ATP.
What is Glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the breakdown on glucose to release pyruvic acid. ATP=2
What is Kreb’s Cycle?
Kreb’s cycle is the breakdown of the pyruvate to create FADH2 and NADH. ATP=2
What is the balanced photosynthesis equation?
6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H1206 + 6H20 + 602
