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Organic Chemistry Revision > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil and petroleum

A

Petroleum is a complex mixture of organic liquids called crude oil and natural gas

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2
Q

What is crude oil an important source of….

A

Fuels e.g petrol, diesel, kerosene

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3
Q

Visocity

A

A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

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4
Q

Viscosity increases/ decreases as you move down the fractional column

A

Decreases

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5
Q

Why do longer carbon chains have a higher viscosity

A

They have a larger surface area for dispersion forces to act across

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6
Q

Why do smaller molecules have lower viscosity

A

Have shorter chains so they have less surface area for dispersion forces to act across

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7
Q

Fractional distillation top to bottom

A

Refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, paraffin, diesel, fuel oil, lubrication oil, bitumen

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8
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

Heating and cooking esp. where piped gas cannot be used

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9
Q

Gasoline uses

A

Fuels for cars

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10
Q

Naphtha uses

A

Making chemicals especially plastics

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11
Q

Paraffin uses

A

Fuel for Jet aircraft

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12
Q

Diesel oil uses

A

Used in diesel engines such as trucks and tractors

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13
Q

Fuel oil (heavy fraction) use

A

Used for fuel for ships and home heating systems

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14
Q

Lubrication oil uses

A

Used for lubricants, waxes and polishes

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15
Q

Fossil fuels and green chemistry principles

A

Crude oil is a finite resource that takes millions of years to form-> renewable alternatives= necessary e.g plant-based biomass is a renewable source of many everyday chemicals

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16
Q

What challenges are currently faced in finding new alternatives for crude oil

A

Cost, practicability, sustainability, ethics

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17
Q

At top of fractional distillation

A

Shorter hydrocarbons, low viscosity(Runny), easy to ignite, low boiling point, few intermolecular forces

18
Q

At bottom of fractional distillation

A

Longer hydrocarbons, high viscosity- thick, harder to ignite, high boiling point, more intermolecular forces

19
Q

Process of f.d

A

1.Crude oil is heated
2. Long hydrocarbon chains remain as liquid at base of tower and topped off in liquid form I.e bitumen
3. Shorter chains vaporise and rise up the tower
4. As the hydrocarbons reach their bopiling point in the tower, they condense from gas to liquid and are tapped off

20
Q

Cracking method

A

Hydrocarbon molecules are heated until they turn to vapour, and then are mixed using a catalyst

21
Q

Catalytic cracking done in lab

A
  1. Heat mineral wool soaked in oil with a catalysts producing a gas
  2. Oil will likely be a long chain hydrocarbon, the catalyst is heated and not oil b/c oil= flammable.product being gaseous suggests that we gave produced molecules with a smaller size than that of the oil
22
Q

Why does a large sa aid catalysis

A

More reactant particles can pass over the catalyst and form products

23
Q

What is suck-back

A

When cold water is drawn upwards into the delivery tube and into the hot boiling tube

24
Q

What can you do to prevent suck-back

A

Take the delivery tube out of the water before you stop heating

25
Q

Substitution reaction

A

One atom is swapped with another atom.
Conditions: uv light

26
Q

Addition reaction-> halogenation

A

Alkene+ Br2-> haloalkane

27
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene+ hydrogen (g)-> alkane
Conditions: 60 degree nickel catalyst

28
Q

Hydration

A

Alkene +water (steam)-> alcohol
Conditions-> 300 degree catalyst

29
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A

Simple method
Uses renewable resources

30
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A

Slow reaction
Not a continuous process
Produces low purity ethanol

31
Q

Advantages of ethene and steam

A

Reaction is fast
Produces high purity ethanol
Continuing process

32
Q

Discadvanatges of ethene and steam

A

Doesn’t use renewable resources

33
Q

Production of ethanol from ethane

A

Ethanol can be manufactured by the hydration of ethene.

Ethene + steam _> ethanol
Conditions: high temp, high pressure, catalyst e..g phosphoric acid

34
Q

Production of ethanol from sugar

A

Glucose converted into ethanol and co2
Takes place at temp. Around 30 degreees
Enzymes found in yeast

Glucose_> ethanol+ co2
Conditions: enzymes in yeast

35
Q

Polymerisation

A

The formation of a large molecule(polymers) from many monomer subunits

36
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecules than can join to form a polymer

37
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules built up from small units (monomer)

38
Q

Monomers have a

A

Double bond

39
Q

Repeating units have

A

No double bond

40
Q

Polymers have

A

No double bond

41
Q

Addition reaction

A

Double bond breaks and addition atoms are added

42
Q

Substitution

A

One atom is swapped with another atom

Organic Chemistry Revision (1 decks)

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