Revision Flashcards
What is the definition of ‘animal behaviour’?
All of the observable responses an animal gives to a stimulus/stimuli around it
Who developed the 4 questions?
Niko Tinbergen
What are the 4 questions?
Control, Development, Function and Evolution
What is ethology?
Study of behaviour in the natural or near natural environment
Which of the questions are proximate?
Control and Development
Which of the questions are ultimate?
Function and Evolution
What is an ethogram?
List of behavioural definitions
What are the two basic behavioural categories?
States and Events
What are behavioural states?
Constant and longer bouts of behaviour
What are behavioural events?
Short duration behaviours, hard to time
How are behavioural events measured?
As a frequency (how many times)
What is inferred by time spent on behaviour?
Motivation and behavioural need
What is the time-activity budget?
Allows us to compare between animals and why particular behaviours are seen.
What is Scan sampling for
Seeing what a large group of animals is doing
What is continuous sampling?
Over a specific time period to record accurate time spent on specific behaviour by an individual
What is Event Sampling?
Determines frequency or rate of event behaviours
What does an ethogram do?
Helps you collect data
Where do you put the ethogram when writing a report?
Methods section
What controls a birds migration from one area to another?
Weather patterns
What to crows use to get food?
Tools
How do crows learn to use tools?
Observation of others and experience
What is ‘Natural selection’?
Survival of the fittest
What is ‘Sexual selection’?
A form of natural selection, female choice = male competition
What is the arms race?
When a particular set of characteristics is happening in the environment that males can compete over
What is speciation?
Different populations undergo independent divergence maintaining separate identities and evolutionary tendencies
What is a species?
Corresponds to a discrete group of similar organisms
What is the phenotypic species concept?
A species is a set of organisms that are sufficiently similar to one another and sufficiently different from members of other species
What is a cline?
A gradual change in character or allele frequencies
What is Bergmann’s Rule?
larger species = colder environments vice versa
What is the biological species concept?
a group of individuals fully fertile, but barred from interbreeding with other groups - reproductively isolated
What is one problem with the biological species concept?
Hybrids - BSC doesn’t require species to be fully isolated
What 2 barriers are there to gene flow?
Pre zygotic and post zygotic
What pre-zygotic barriers are there?
- Ecological isolation
- behavioural isolation
- Post mating prezygotic barriers
What post zygotic barriers are there?
Hybrid unviability and sterility
What are the two types of ecological isolation?
Seasonal and habitat
What is the conspecific sperm precedence phenomenom?
If the female only mates with heterospecific male, he will fertilise the eggs and same with conspecific
What is gamete isolation?
Gametes of different species fail to unite
What is hybrid inviability?
Lower survival rates than full species
What is hybrid sterility?
Survival to maturity but unable to produce viable offspring
What is allopatric speciation?
When populations of the same species become isolated, form new species
What is peripatric speciation?
Closey related species in an isolated close (unconnected) area
What is parapatric speciation?
Narrow contact zone so species form in new area
What is sympatric speciation?
Evolution of new species in same area due to reproductive isolation
