Revision

Question 1

What is the major criteria for Infective endocarditis diagnosis?

Answer 1

Positive blood culture

Question 2

What is the best imaging to detect the valve vegetations of IE?

Answer 2

transesophagheal echocardiography

Question 3

What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis?

Answer 3

Chest pain

Question 4

What is the sign of acute pericarditis upon inspection?

Answer 4

Pericardial friction rub, a scratching sound

Question 5

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 5

When fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, compressing the heart

Question 6

What is the symptom of Cardiac Tamponade?

Answer 6

Acute dysnpnea

Question 7

The signs of cardiac tamponade are?

Answer 7

Beck’s Triad, that being hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and elevated jugular venous pressure

Question 8

What is constrictive pericarditis?

Answer 8

The formation of a tough shell around the heart, thus preventing heart expansion

Question 9

What are the clinical presentations of constrictive pericarditis?

Answer 9

Engorged neck veins, right sided heart failure predominantly, and ascites

Question 10

What is the most common cause of mitral valve stenosis?

Answer 10

Rheumatic fever

Question 11

What do we find when we auscult Mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer 11

A muffled first heart sound, and harsh pan systolic murmur over the apex that propagates to the axilla

Question 12

What are the physical signs of Pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 12

Diastolic shock, ejection systolic murmur

Question 13

What do we see when we do a chest x-ray for pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 13

Aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary artery

Question 14

When treating hypertension when do we not prescribe ACE Is and ARBS?

Answer 14

during pregnancy

Question 15

What therapies do we not namely use in pregnancies?

Answer 15

Bosentan and Ambrisentan

Question 16

At what point do we declare a hypertensive emergency?

Answer 16

When BP exceeds 180/110

Question 17

There are 2 types of arryhthmias, the Supraventicular’s ECG presents as?

Answer 17

Narrow QRS complex

Question 18

Ventricular arrhythmias ECG presents as?

Answer 18

Wide QRS complex

Question 19

What does tachycardia and bradycardia mean?

Answer 19

Tachy means fast, brady means slow

Question 20

Adult pulmonary valve stenosis sounds like?

Answer 20

Ejection systolic murmur over the pulmonary area

Question 21

What is Aortic coarctation?

Answer 21

When the aorta gets narrowed at one bit, as if it was pressed on

Question 22

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 22

A combined birth defect of many features, a ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, what not

Question 23

What does Tetralogy of fallot present as?

Answer 23

Cyanotic clubbing, squatting increases it

Question 24

Tetralogy of fallot puts patients at a high risk of?

Answer 24

Infective endocarditis

Question 25

What is the key investigation to diagnose HF?

Answer 25

Echocardiography

Question 26

How does HF present?

Answer 26

Acute dyspnea, hemoptysis of pink colour

Question 27

How do we treat HF?

Answer 27

IV diuresis and vasodilators

Question 28

How do we treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 28

Nitrates and beta blockers

Question 29

How do nitrates treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 29

They vasodilate

Question 30

How do beta blockers treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

They reduce heart rate

Question 31

If nitrates and beta blockers fail, how do we treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 31

Revascularization

Question 32

How do we treat STEMI?

Answer 32

Via mechanical reperfusion

Question 33

What if it’s too late for mechanical re-perfusion to treat STEMI, what do we do?

Answer 33

We conduct fibrinolytic therapy