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Principles Of Flight > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is mass

A

Amount of matter an object contains

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2
Q

What force is “g”

A

Gravity

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3
Q

What is weight

A

Mass being acted upon by gravity

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4
Q

What force pushes the aircraft backwards when flying?

A

Drag

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5
Q

What force pushes the aircraft forwards?

A

Thrust

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6
Q

When thrust and drag are balanced

A

The aircraft moves at a constant speed or is stationary

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7
Q

When the resultant force is 0 what is happening with the acting forces?

A

They are equal

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8
Q

What are the 4 main forces acting on an aircraft?

A

Thrust, drag, lift, weight

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9
Q

Total weight of the airplane is called?

A

The All Up Weight

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10
Q

The centre of gravity is

A

The point where the weight of a body acts

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11
Q

What is the MTOW?

A

Max take off weight

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12
Q

What is the MATOW

A

Max allowable take off weight

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13
Q

At what point should the CG remain in the manufacturers defined limits?

A

All stages of flight

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14
Q

When might the CG move?

A

As fuel burns up or as parachutists leave the aircraft ect

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15
Q

What is wing loading?

A

When the lift of the wings can support the weight of the aeroplane

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16
Q

How do you calculate wing loading?

A

Weight of the aircraft / wing area

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17
Q

What is an aerofoil?

A

A surface designed to help lifting, controlling or propelling an aircraft through the airflow around it i.e. the wing

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18
Q

What is the boundary layer?

A

The layer of air a few mm thick that passes over an aerofoil

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19
Q

What happens if the boundary layer of air over an aerofoil moves away from the aerofoil?

A

At the “separation point” the airflow will become turbulent

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20
Q

How do you calculate constant total energy?

A

Pressure energy + kinetic energy

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21
Q

What is rho?

A

Air density

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22
Q

What happens to dynamic pressure if an objects speed increases?

A

The pressure increases as more air molecules are striking per second

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23
Q

What happens to dynamic pressure if rho increases?

A

It increases as more molecules will strike

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24
Q

What is PT?

A

Constant total pressure

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25
Q

What is V?

A

Speed

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26
Q

What happens to lift if the wing is perfectly flat (no angle of attack)

A

There is no lift as the air particles aren’t pushing it up or down

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27
Q

Why do most aircraft not have flat wings?

A

It causes eddying (turbulence)

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28
Q

What does camber mean?

A

Curvature

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29
Q

What is the mean camber line?

A

Line drawn halfway between the upper and lower surfaces i.e. horizontal along the wing

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30
Q

What is the cord line?

A

A straight line joining the 2 ends of the mean camber line

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31
Q

What is the difference between a mean camber line and a chord line called?

A

Camber

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32
Q

What is the thickness of the aerofoil ?

A

Greatest distance between the upper and lower surfaces

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33
Q

Bernoulli’s principle says that

A

Energy in a steady streamline flow remains constant

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34
Q

What is the centre of pressure?

A

The total reacting forces acting at a single point

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35
Q

What happens to the lift of the wing if the angle of attack increases?

A

The lift of the wing increases

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36
Q

What happens to the centre of pressure when the angle of attack increases?

A

Centre of pressure moves forward

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37
Q

What is the angle of attack best for lift to drag ratio?

A

+ 4 degrees

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38
Q

What is CL or C lift?

A

The coefficient of lift

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39
Q

What happens to the C lift at the angle of stall

A

The coefficient of lift would decrease drastically as the wing loses the ability to produce lift

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40
Q

Where is the centre of pressure at the stall?

A

The furthest point forward

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41
Q

What happens to the centre of pressure after the stall

A

It moves rearward

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42
Q

What is the angle of attack

A

Angle between the chord line and the relative airflow

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43
Q

The total reaction acts through

A

The centre of pressure

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44
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

The angle between the chord line and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft

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45
Q

What is the purpose of the tailplane?

A

To balance the moment created by the difference in the centre of pressure and centre of gravity

46
Q

What is total drag?

A

The sum of all the aerodynamic forces acting in the opposite direction of flight

47
Q

What is induced drag?

A

Drag used to produce lift

48
Q

What is parasite drag?

A

Drag that does not directly produce lift

49
Q

What is skin friction

A

The surface area of the aircraft producing drag

50
Q

What is form drag?

A

The turbulent air produced by airflow separating from a surface

51
Q

What is interference drag?

A

Drag caused by 2 parts of the aircraft joining together I.e. drag from the joint between the fuselage and the wing

52
Q

What happens to parasite drag as airspeed increases?

A

Parasite drag invreases

53
Q

What happens to drag if you double airspeed?

A

2^2 = 4

Parasite drag multiplied by 4

54
Q

What happens to drag if you triple airspeed

A

3^2 = 9

Parasite drag multiplies by 9

55
Q

What does a wing with high aspect ratio look like?

A

Long and narrow

56
Q

What does a wing with low aspect ratio look like?

A

Short and stubby

57
Q

How do you calculate aspect ratio?

A

Span/ chord

58
Q

How do you reduce induced drag?

A

Have a high aspect wing

59
Q

What is washout?

A

Where wings have a steeper angle closer to the fuselage than to the tip of the wing

60
Q

What is the purpose of washout?

A

More lift occurs in the inner part of the wing

61
Q

When is induced drag greatest?

A

Low airspeeds and high angles of attack

62
Q

How do you calculate total drag?

A

Induced drag + parasite drag

63
Q

When is total drag the greatest?

A

At high airspeeds and low angles of attack

64
Q

What is minimum drag speed

A

When total drag is the least. This occurs when parasite and induced drag are equal

65
Q

How to calculate drag using the coefficient of drag?

A

Drag = Cdrag x 1/2 x rho x v^2 xS

66
Q

What does S mean?

A

Area

67
Q

What aircraft design features reduce induced drag?

A

Washout, winglets, wing tapering

68
Q

What is washout?

A

A reduction in the angle of incidence (and consequently the angle of attack) from wing root to wing tip

69
Q

How do you calculate the lift to drag ratio?

A

Lift/drag

70
Q

When does an aerofoil have the greatest lift ability?

A

Just before stall at a high angle of attack

71
Q

What should your angle of attack be at low air speed

A

High angle of attack

72
Q

What should your angle of attack be at high airspeeds

A

Low angle of attack

73
Q

What happens to your angle of attack if you lose weight?

A

Angle of attack can be reduced as less lift is required to maintain level flight

74
Q

What is the blade angle on a propellor

A

The angle of attack plus the helix angle

75
Q

What slipstream affect would occur if a propellor was rotating clockwise (as viewed from the cockpit) on take off

A

Air would flow around the aircraft and hit the fin at the back of the plane. This would cause the tail to be pushed right

76
Q

Why do some aircraft have an offset fin?

A

To overcome the slipstream affects of the propellor on take off

77
Q

If the propellor rotates clockwise as viewed from the cockpit what will the propeller torque cause?

A

In high power and rpm conditions the aircraft will roll to the left. On the ground it will yaw to the left

78
Q

What is the blade angle?

A

Angle between the chord line of the propellor blade and the plane of rotation

79
Q

The blade angle is larger where?

A

Larger near the root and smaller near the tip

80
Q

What happens to the angle of attack on a fixed pitch propellor?

A

It varies with speed and rpm

81
Q

What happens to the rpm of you enter a dive in a fixed wing propellor?

A

Increased rpm

82
Q

Where does lift force act?

A

Centre of pressure

83
Q

Where does weight force act

A

Centre of gravity

84
Q

What is a couple?

A

2 equal forces that cause rotation as they are acting along different axis (this is why you fly nose up or nose down)

85
Q

Centre of gravity moving back and power increasing will cause what to happen to the stall speed?

A

Stall speed reduces

86
Q

What is the purpose of a slat?

A

It will re-energise the airflow over the upper surface of a wing

87
Q

What is wing dihedral?

A

The upward angle of an aircraft’s wing

88
Q

What is a swept wing

A

Wings that are swept are used on jets and have a swept wing root to wingtip

89
Q

What is the keel affect

A

Side force generating that stop unwanted rolling

90
Q

Distance between the upper and lower aerofoil is called

A

Thickness

91
Q

The force acting in the opposite direction to the wings in a balanced turn is the…

A

Total force

92
Q

An aircraft returning to its trimmed position after a disturbance is a measure of its…

A

Dynamic stability

93
Q

Why do we have differential ailerons?

A

To stop adverse aileron yaw as the downward aileron had increased camber and lift

94
Q

Modifying what part of the aircraft would have the highest impact on induced drag?

A

Wing tip

95
Q

What is induced drag

A

Drag that produces lift

96
Q

Yawing is a rotation around which axis?

A

Normal axis

97
Q

What does a slag or slot do to the coefficient of lift?

A

It increases the maximum coefficient of lift

98
Q

What does a trail edge flap do?

A

Reduces the stalling angle of attack

99
Q

What will happen to an aircraft with neutral dynamic stability if it is disturbed from its trimmed position?

A

It will oscillate with constant period and wavelength

100
Q

What is VA?

A

Max speed that flying controls can be made without structural damage

101
Q

What is the difference between a slag and a slot?

A

Slot is a fixed gap in the wing. A slat is a device that creates a moveable slot

102
Q

What prevents flutter?

A

Mass balance in the controls

103
Q

What is spiral instability

A

Weak lateral stability causing sideslip

104
Q

When will a aeroplane wing stall?

A

At a specific angle of attack

105
Q

Vertical wind sheer will cause what immediate consequence?

A

Change in aircraft’s airspeed

106
Q

What is the normal limiting load factor in light aircraft?

A

+4.4

107
Q

What is the difference between a slot and a slat?

A

Slots are fixed devices that lowers stalling speeds

Slats do the same but are opened either manually or automatically

108
Q

What instrument is used to determine spin direction?

A

Turn coordinator

109
Q

How does altitude affect stall speed?

A

It does not

110
Q

What happens to the centre of pressure on the wing when angle of attack is increased?

A

The centre of pressure moves forward. When it moves in front of the wing the wing will stall

Principles Of Flight (1 decks)

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