Revision Flashcards
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes types of disease
What is a Protist example
Malaria (caused by plasmodium)
What is a Virus example?
AIDS caused by HIV (the pathogen)
What is a bacteria example?
Gonorrhoea (yellow discharge from genitalia)
What is a fungi example?
Athletes foot
What are Bacteria?
Very small living cells that produce toxins
What is a virus?
Viruses are not cells but smaller and reproduce rapidly inside your body
What is a Protist?
Protists are single-celled Eukaryotes
Can be transferred by a vector
What is a fungi?
Some are single-celled others have a body made up of hyphae can produce spores and cause diseases
Proteins to Amino acids
Protease
Fats (lipids) to Fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase
Starch to Maltose
Amylase
Test for Suagrs
Benedict’s test
Test for Starch
Iodine Solution
Test form Proteins
Biuret Test
Test for Lipids
Sudan III
If lipids are present
Bright Red
If Starch is present
From browny-orange to black or blue-black
If Sugar is present
From Blue to Green, Yellow or Red
What is the Phloem made out of?
Elongated living cells with small pores at the end of the walls to allow cell sap through
What is the xylem made out of?
Dead cells with no wall between them and a hole down the middle
Lignin strengthens it
Why is there a constant Transpiration stream?
Water escapes the leaves by diffusion and so needs to be constantly replenished by the roots
What are the Four Main things affecting transpiration rate
Light intensity
Humidity
Air Flow
Temperature
What is the Structure of guard cells?
Thin outer walls and thick inner walls
Adapted for gas exchange
What are Platelets?
Small fragments of cells that allow blood to clot at a wound to stop blood pouring out
What is Plasma?
A liquid that carries everything
What does Plasma carry?
Platelets
CO2
Urea
Hormones
Red and White blood cells
Proteins
Antibodies and Antitoxins
Physical defence for Plants
Thick bark
Cellulose
Leaves are covered in Cuticle
Chemical defence for plants
Produce enzymes
Stinging cells and trichomes (stinging hairs)
Types of Plant Pathogen
Rice blast fungus (causes decay)
Types of Plant pathogen
Tobacco mosaic virus (discolouration)
Types of plant pathogen
Mealybugs (Stunted growth)
What is a vaccine?
Injecting small amounts of dead or weakend pathogen so your body produces antibodies
2 Pros of Vaccination
Control lots of communicable diseases that were once common (polio, measles, smallpox)
Epidemics are prevented
2 cons of Vaccination
Don’t always work
Some can have a bad reaction (fever or seizure)
Why are red blood cells bio concave?
So that they can supply more oxygen
What binds to oxygen in red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
Painkiller that comes from Willow
Aspirin
Digitalis comes from a chemical found in
Foxgloves
What is Benign?
The Tumour stays in one place and is not cancerous
What is Malignant?
When the tumour grows and spreads to healthy tissues
Is cancerous
Pros of Artificial heart
Less chance rejected by the body
Temporary
Pumps blood
Cons of Artificial heart
Don’t work as well
Can cause blood clots because blood doesn’t run as smooth
If Proteins are present
Blue to Purple
Bile
Produce in the Liver
Stored in the gall bladder
Released into the small intestines
What does Bile do?
Neutralises the acid so enzymes can work best
Emulsifies fats
Breaks down fat into ting droplets so there is a larger surface area for the lipase to work on
Parts of the Vein
Thin Walls
Large Lumen
Valves
Parts of the Artery
Thick walls - muscle and elastic fibres
Small lumen
Parts of the Capillaries
I cell thick
Small lumen
Permeable walls
Where is Amylase made?
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
Where is Protease made?
Stomach (where it’s called pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine
Where is Lipase made?
Pancreas
Small intestine
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is when the cells divides
