Revision Flashcards
List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
- superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CNXII - hypoglossal nerve
What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue affect?
The size and shape of the tongue.
What roles are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue involved in facilitating?
- speech
- eating
- swallowing
List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
- palatoglossus
Which nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CNXII (hypoglossal) except for palatoglossus which is innervated by CNX (vagus).
List some structures found on the anterior 2/3s of the tongue.
- fungiform papillae
- foliate papillae
- filiform papillae
- vallate papillae
Which nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?
Lingual nerve which is a branch of mandibular branch of CNV (trigeminal nerve).
Which nerve supplies taste from anterior 2/3s of the tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of CNVII (facial nerve).
Which nerve supplies touch and taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve).
Where do the lymphatics of the tongue drain to?
The deep cervical nodes
Which arteries supply the tongue?
- the lingual artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery
- the tonsillar artery which is a branch of the facial artery
Which vein supplies the tongue?
The lingual vein
What does the foremen caecum signify?
The origin of the thyroid gland.
List the five primary tastes which can be detected by taste buds.
- Sour
- Salty
- Sweet
- Bitter
- Savoury/umami
Other than taste, what other sensory inputs can be detected by the tongue?
- pungency
- coolness
- fattiness
- temperature
- texture
What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis propria/externa
- Adventitia/serosa
Which three components make up mucosa of the GI tract?
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae
What type of tissue makes up the submucosa of the GI tract?
Loose, collagenous connective tissue.
What does the submucosa of the GI tract contain?
Larger blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
Which type of muscle is found in the muscularis propria?
Smooth muscle
How is the smooth muscle of the muscularis propria usually arranged?
An inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
Which organ has a third, oblique, layer of the muscularis propria?
The stomach.
What type of tissue makes up the adventitia of the GI tract?
Fibrous connective tissue.
What does the adventitia of the GI tract contain?
Major vessels, nerves and variable adipose tissue.
Which type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?
Non keratinising, stratified squamous epithelium.
Which type of epithelium is found throughout the GI tract (after the oesophagus)?
Simple columnar epithelium
Which areas of the GI tract have villi?
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Where are Meissner’s plexuses found?
In the submucosa
Where are the myenteric/Auerbach plexuses found?
Between the two layers of muscularis propria
What are the four basic mucosal types found in the GI tract?
- Protective
- Secretory
- Absorptive
- Absorptive/protective
In the GI tract, where is protective mucosa found?
Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal
What is the surface epithelium of protective mucosa?
Non keratinising, stratified squamous
In the GI tract, where is secretory mucosa found?
Stomach
Which structures make up the secretory mucosa of the stomach?
Long, closely packed tubular glands.
In the GI tract, where is absorptive mucosa found?
The small intestine
Which histological feature differentiates the duodenum from the jejunum and ileum?
Brunner’s glands.
Where do Brunner’s glands extend to?
From mucosa to submucosa
What is the purpose of Brunner’s glands?
To secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralise stomach acid
In the GI tract, where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?
Large intestine
In the large intestine cells are specialised for…
Water absorption
Why are mucous secreting goblet cells found in the large intestine?
To lubricate the passage of faeces.
In the GI tract, where are Peyer’s patches found?
Mucosa
What are Peyer’s patches?
Lymphoid follicles which form part of the immune function of GI tract to prevent the growth of dangerous bacteria.
