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Second Year Prep > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • transverse
  • vertical
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2
Q

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CNXII - hypoglossal nerve

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3
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue affect?

A

The size and shape of the tongue.

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4
Q

What roles are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue involved in facilitating?

A
  • speech
  • eating
  • swallowing
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5
Q

List the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • palatoglossus
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6
Q

Which nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CNXII (hypoglossal) except for palatoglossus which is innervated by CNX (vagus).

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7
Q

List some structures found on the anterior 2/3s of the tongue.

A
  • fungiform papillae
  • foliate papillae
  • filiform papillae
  • vallate papillae
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8
Q

Which nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve which is a branch of mandibular branch of CNV (trigeminal nerve).

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9
Q

Which nerve supplies taste from anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of CNVII (facial nerve).

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10
Q

Which nerve supplies touch and taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal nerve).

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11
Q

Where do the lymphatics of the tongue drain to?

A

The deep cervical nodes

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12
Q

Which arteries supply the tongue?

A
  • the lingual artery which is a branch of the external carotid artery
  • the tonsillar artery which is a branch of the facial artery
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13
Q

Which vein supplies the tongue?

A

The lingual vein

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14
Q

What does the foremen caecum signify?

A

The origin of the thyroid gland.

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15
Q

List the five primary tastes which can be detected by taste buds.

A
  1. Sour
  2. Salty
  3. Sweet
  4. Bitter
  5. Savoury/umami
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16
Q

Other than taste, what other sensory inputs can be detected by the tongue?

A
  • pungency
  • coolness
  • fattiness
  • temperature
  • texture
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17
Q

What are the four distinct layers of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis propria/externa
  4. Adventitia/serosa
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18
Q

Which three components make up mucosa of the GI tract?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
19
Q

What type of tissue makes up the submucosa of the GI tract?

A

Loose, collagenous connective tissue.

20
Q

What does the submucosa of the GI tract contain?

A

Larger blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

21
Q

Which type of muscle is found in the muscularis propria?

A

Smooth muscle

22
Q

How is the smooth muscle of the muscularis propria usually arranged?

A

An inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.

23
Q

Which organ has a third, oblique, layer of the muscularis propria?

A

The stomach.

24
Q

What type of tissue makes up the adventitia of the GI tract?

A

Fibrous connective tissue.

25
Q

What does the adventitia of the GI tract contain?

A

Major vessels, nerves and variable adipose tissue.

26
Q

Which type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Non keratinising, stratified squamous epithelium.

27
Q

Which type of epithelium is found throughout the GI tract (after the oesophagus)?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

28
Q

Which areas of the GI tract have villi?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

29
Q

Where are Meissner’s plexuses found?

A

In the submucosa

30
Q

Where are the myenteric/Auerbach plexuses found?

A

Between the two layers of muscularis propria

31
Q

What are the four basic mucosal types found in the GI tract?

A
  1. Protective
  2. Secretory
  3. Absorptive
  4. Absorptive/protective
32
Q

In the GI tract, where is protective mucosa found?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal

33
Q

What is the surface epithelium of protective mucosa?

A

Non keratinising, stratified squamous

34
Q

In the GI tract, where is secretory mucosa found?

A

Stomach

35
Q

Which structures make up the secretory mucosa of the stomach?

A

Long, closely packed tubular glands.

36
Q

In the GI tract, where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

The small intestine

37
Q

Which histological feature differentiates the duodenum from the jejunum and ileum?

A

Brunner’s glands.

38
Q

Where do Brunner’s glands extend to?

A

From mucosa to submucosa

39
Q

What is the purpose of Brunner’s glands?

A

To secrete bicarbonate ions to neutralise stomach acid

40
Q

In the GI tract, where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

Large intestine

41
Q

In the large intestine cells are specialised for…

A

Water absorption

42
Q

Why are mucous secreting goblet cells found in the large intestine?

A

To lubricate the passage of faeces.

43
Q

In the GI tract, where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Mucosa

44
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Lymphoid follicles which form part of the immune function of GI tract to prevent the growth of dangerous bacteria.

Second Year Prep (1 decks)

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