Revise these Flashcards
What has Versailles got to do with the Paris Peace Conference?
It was where the Paris Peace conference took place.
True or false: in the Middle Ages people started to believe in astrological reasons for illness?
True.
What was the natural explanation of disease in the pre-historic period?
There wasn’t one
What did Vesalius prove about the human heart that showed Galen was wrong?
That blood did not pass through the septum, it moved in a different way.
-What did Edwin Chadwick’s discovery lead to being passed?
The 1848 Public Health act?
Who was George Clemenceau?
Prime Minister of France in 1919
When was the printing press invented?
1451.
What does the word Anschluss mean?
Uniting Germany and Austria
Why was Galen so popular with the Christian church?
He taught his students that the human body fitted together in a well designed whole. This suggested that a greater being (God) had designed the human body. That’s why Christians liked him.
In what year did Hitler achieve Anschluss with Austria?
1938
Why is John Hunter famous in the History of medicine?
He was a famous army surgeon and later surgeon to King George III, he published helpful books such as ‘On venereal disease’ which he researched by operating on himself, he proved that gonorrhea ad syphilis were different diseases, he had a collection of 3000 preserved specimens including an Irish giant.
When was Guy’s hospital founded and what was different about it?
- Different because founded by a local businessman, Thomas Guy, and not the Christian church.
What did George Clemenceau want from the Paris Peace Conference?
Revenge for French losses and damage in WW1, to cripple Germany militarily, money to rebuild, make France less vulnerable to future attack.
In what year was the ‘Great stink’ in London?
1858
-What disease did Pasteur first use his vaccination ideas to treat a human for?
Rabies.
What are the years of the Renaissance?
1400-1750
What does the word Anschluss mean?
Uniting Germany and Austria
What is surgery and anatomy the story of?
The story of people’s knowledge through History of the human body plus how operations have changed and improved over time.
What did Edward Jenner discover?
Smallpox vaccination using cowpox
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations for WW1?
£6,600 million
How did the League use trade sanctions to try to solve the Abyssinia Crisis?
Italy and Abyssinia were both banned from buying weapons. Italy however was able to continue buying oil, steel, coal and iron.
How did the factor chance help Pare?
It was by chance that he ran out of boiling oil.
What military forces was Germany allowed in the Treaty of Versailles?
Only 6 ships in the navy and no submarines. Only 100,000 soldiers in the army, conscription not allowed and no tanks. No airforce allowed either.
What are the factors we use in the History of Medicine?
Religion, Chance, War, Individuals, Science & Technology , Communications.
How can the word BRAT help you remember about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
B= blame, R = reparations, A= army, T=territory
What connected the Saar and the League of Nations?
The Saar had been given to the the League of Nations for 15 years as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. This was due to expire in 1935.
What idea of Galen’s did Harvey prove wrong?
That blood was made in the liver to replace that which was burnt up by the body.
Who was David Lloyd George?
Prime Minister of Britain in 1919.
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
What is surgery and anatomy the story of?
The story of people’s knowledge through History of the human body plus how operations have changed and improved over time.
-What were Koch’s three contributions towards discovering the causes of disease?
Solid medium, staining, method.
What worried the British government during recruitment for the Boer War in 1899?
40 out of every 100 volunteers were unfit for military service.
Define natural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on physical evidence, observation and scientific deduction (even if the science is wrong).
How much of its territories did Germany lose as part of the treaty of Versailles?
10%, including Alsace Lorraine which was returned to France.
What was cauterising?
Sealing a wound and stopping it from bleeding by busing red hot iron.
What would a doctor find that was useful in the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna?
The medical properties of 760 different drugs and chapters on medical problems such as anorexia and obesity.
What was wound man?
A diagram used to instruct surgeons in the Middle Ages how to treat various battlefield injuries.
Who would you go to for treatment in Pre-historic times.
The medicine man or shaman.
What are the factors we use in the History of Medicine?
Religion, Chance, War, Individuals, Science & Technology , Communications.
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
What did Woodrow Wilson want from the Paris Peace Conference?
Creation of the League of Nations, not to be too hard on Germany, self-determination, freedom of the seas, the fourteen points.
What was John of Aderne famous for?
Being a fantastic English surgeon, the manual of surgery he wrote called ‘Practica,’ using opium and henbane to dull pain in surgery and forming the Guild of Surgeons in London in 1368.
How many hospitals did the Christian church build in England between 1000 and 1500?
700
What is a fun and memorable poem for remembering the first letter of each of the time periods (in the right order)?
People Eat Green Rolos During Rows In Turkey
In what year and period did James Simpson discover the anaesthetic properties of chloroform?
1847 - industrial
What has CAR got to do with understanding about the vaccines that Louis Pasteur developed?
C = chicken cholera A = anthrax in sheep R = rabies in humans
What invention of 1451 was as important to communications as the internet in modern times?
The printing press.
What is a fun and memorable poem for remembering the first letter of each of the time periods (in the right order)?
People Eat Green Rolos During Rows In Turkey
What was Pare’s alternative to cauterising?
Tying blood vessels up with ligatures.
Who was Engleburt Dollfuss?
Chancellor of Austria in the early 1930s.
What medical options were available to unwell people during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
Barber-surgeons, Apothecaries, Wise-women, Quacks.
What is the difference between the Locarno Treaties and the Locarno Pact?
Nothing, they are the same thing: A series of agreements in which Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy guaranteed peace in western Europe.
What is an epidemic?
A disease which spreads widely, harms/kills lots of people and is very difficult to stop.
Why did some people oppose Edward Jenner’s vaccination?
They were worried about having animal matter injected into them.
In what year and period did Joseph Bazalgette begin building London’s underground sewer system?
1858 - industrial
Which theme is John Hunter connected to?
Surgery and Anatomy.
How did astrology impact medicine in the Middle Ages?
People started to think that the movement of the stars and the planets could explain illness or give the best time to conduct an operation.
What was the Austrian Nazi party planning in January 1938?
To overthrow Schuschnigg.
In what year was the ‘Great stink’ in London?
1858
Define natural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on physical evidence, observation and scientific deduction (even if the science is wrong).
What sort of pictures would you have found in Vesalius’ book?
Detailed drawings of the human body.
What did Harvey develop to help him prove how blood circulated around the body?
Think rods that could be pushed into veins to prove the direction of blood flow.
Why was Anschluss not achieved in 1934?
The Austrian Army supported the (anti-Nazi) government plus Mussolini moved Italian troops to the Austrian border and threatened to invade if Hitler didn’t back off.
What was Dollfuss’ view of Anschluss?
He was opposed to it.
What was Lady Montague’s inoculation for?
Smallpox
What was forbidden between Germany and Austria in the Treaty of Versailles (spelt correctly)?
Anchluss
What did Rhazes achieve?
The first accurate descriptions of measles and smallpox.
How were Galen’s dissection operations limited?
They were often conducted on animals not people.
What famous book did Avicenna write?
The Canon of Medicine
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
Did Vesalius set out to prove Galen wrong?
No. He read Galen’s works carefully but started to notice that what he was reading and what he was seeing during dissections did not match. That was when he realised that a lot of Galen’s anatomical facts were based on animal dissection and therefore wrong.
What was article 232 of the Treaty of Versailles all about?
Reparations - £6,600 million!
Why might someone trying to avoid the Black Death sit in a sewer?
Because the smell there would be worse than the bad smells that they thought would bring the Black Death.
What important anatomical discovery did Herophilus make at Alexandria?
The brain controls the body.
-When did John Snow discover the link between cholera and dirty water?
1854.
What was not allowed in the Rhineland and what was this called?
No troops, weapons or fortifications. This is called being demilitarised.
How did Harvey use vivisection on animals to prove his theories?
He dissected live, cold blooded animals whose hearts beat very slowly. This meant that he could see the movements of each muscle in the heart.
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
Surgeon
When was the Treaty of St Germain?
September 1919
What were the Locarno Treaties?
A series of agreements in which Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy guaranteed peace in western Europe.
What did Lloyd George want from the Paris Peace Conference?
To keep Germany strong for trade with Britain, gain German colonies for Britain, keep the Royal navy powerful, ensure Germany was a buffer against Russia communism.
What are the years of the Industrial period?
1750-1900
When during the Egyptian period was the library at Alexandria opened?
It wasn’t. It was built in the Greek period.
When writing about the League of Nations in a quick form, should you write ‘LON’ or ‘the League?’
‘the League’
Who were Schuschnigg and Seyss-Inquart?
The final two chancellors of Austria before Anschluss was acheived.
In a Christian church hospital of the Middle Ages, who would treat your illness?
Nobody. Christians believed God would cure you, they only made you comfortable and prayed for you.
When was the Treaty of St Germain?
September 1919
When did Louis Pasteur publish Germ Theory?
1861
What were mandates?
Germany’s colonies in Africa which, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, were in the control of the League of Nations (especially Britain and France).
When was John of Aderne around?
In the Middle AGes.
True/false: people understood disease better than they had done in 1348 when the Great Plague returned in 1665?
False
What was forbidden between Germany and Austria in the Treaty of Versailles (spelt correctly)?
Anschluss
What was done with the land taken from Austria in the Treaty of St Germain?
Some of it was given to Italy and Romania. Some of it was used to create new countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Why did some people in England during the Renaissance believe that being touched by the King would heal them?
Because he was supposed to represent God.
Who were the Big 3?
Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, WIlson of the USA.
What did Austrian Nazis do in 1934?
They caused havoc across Austria and murdered the Chancellor, Engleburt Dollfuss.
In what year and period did Joseph Lister publish details of carbolic spray?
1867 - industrial
In what year and period did William Harvey prove the circulation of the blood?
1628- Renaissance
What was the Christian attitude to dissection in the Middle Ages?
It was not allowed at first. Later, it was allowed in medical schools but under strictly controlled conditions.
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
Surgeon
What was Laissez-Faire?
A widely held belief at the start of the industrial period that it was not the job of government to try to improve public health.
Define supernatural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on beliefs rather than anything physical.
In what year was the Dollfus affair?
1934
How can the word LAMB help you remember about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
L=land, A=army, M=money, B=blame
What was Edwin Chadwick’s big discovery?
That high poor rate in some towns resulted from some people being too unwell to work due to poor living conditions.
What did article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles state?
War guilt clause: Germany was to blaming for starting WW1
Including colonies, how much territory in total did Germany lose after the Treaty of Versailles?
13%
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President of the USA in 1919.
What was the name for a series of agreements in which Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy guaranteed peace in western Europe.
The Locarno Treaties or Pact
What was the main difference between the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts?
The first was voluntary, the second was compulsory.
When did Louis Pasteur publish Germ Theory?
1861
How do the letters PTMM help you remember the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
P=pride, T=territory, M=money, M=military strength.
What is public health the story of?
The story of what the government in any time period did to improve the health of its people.
What are the years of the Dark Ages?
500-1400 AD
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
What is an epidemic?
A disease which spreads widely, harms/kills lots of people and is very difficult to stop.
In what year were the Locarno Treaties?
1925
What are alternative names for the industrial period?
The nineteenth century and the industrial revolution.
In what year and period did the Black Death arrive in England?
1348 - Dark Ages
What were some of the things that Wilson wanted in his fourteen points?
No secret treaties, disarmament, self determination in the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Empires, creation of an independent Poland, creation of the League of Nations.
What connects the Treaty of Versailles and the Paris Peace Conference?
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the outcomes from the Paris Peace Conference.
What was the book published by Vesalius called?
The Fabric of the Human Body.
In what month and year and was the Paris Peace conference?
Jan 1919
