reviewing material Flashcards
count and non-count nouns
count nouns: can be counted (four chairs, 2 books…)
nc: cannot be counted (coffee - a cup of coffee)
common non count nouns
- whole groups consisting of similar items (jewelry, clothing, luggage, money, fruit, equipment..)
- fluids (water, oil, blood…)
- solids (wood, meat, bread…)
- gases (air, pollution, oxygen…)
- particles (sand, salt, grass, hair, dust…)
- abstractions (love, advice, beauty, music, peace…)
- languages
- fields of study (chmistry, biology…)
- sports (basketball, tennis…)
- activities used as gerunds (driving, fishing…)
- natural occurrences (darkness, fire, fog…)
using the
when you know the listner is familiar with the thing you are talking about
i.e The earth -only one earth
USE the with non-countable nouns and plural nouns only when you are speaking specifically: Water is wet. The water in the stream is cold.
using other/another/the other
another/other are not specific
the other is specific
other -> others : when used as a pronoun replacing a plural count noun
i.e This cake is delicious. Other cakes are..-> others are too…
determiners of quantity with count nouns and nc
count nouns:
one, each, every
two, both, a couple of, a few, many, several, a number of
no, some, any, plenty of, most, all
NON-COUNT:
a little, much, a great deal of
no, some, any, a lot of, plenty, most, all
collective nouns- always singular
army, band, audience, bunch, colony, committee, congress, family, gang, government, minority, orchestra, police, pair, staff, team
nouns- always plural
binoculars, eyeglasses, pants, scissors
non-continues verbs
cannot be used in the is+ing form
believe, hate, love, doubt, imagine, know, recognize, remember, suppose, understand, want, appear, hear, see smell, taste, agree, deny, impress, mean, promise, depend, belong, concern, cost
mixed verb forms ( can be used is+ing and to+verb)
feel, see, thinking, appear, look,
Beginning a sentence with here or there (where is the subject)
the subject is located after the verb
Here was the accident.
saytell
you say something
you tell someone something
know/know how
know: followed by a noun, pep phrase
know how: used to indicate a skill, ability to do something
like/as
like is used to compare only nouns - to say 2 things are similar
as is used to compare clauses - to say 2 actions are similar
1. you should have 2 verbs in a sc with as in close proximity, 1 verb in the sc with like
2. like usually used at the beginning of the sc
between/ among
between 2 things
among 3 or more things
subject + accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as do not affect the subjects number form
Angelina, together with her husband, IS arriving.
adverbs and their form
used to describe or modify verbs, adjectives
-ly form
adjective: rapid
adverb: rapidly
Answers question how?
Placed usually at the beginning of the sentence and are followed by a comma. If placed somewhere else in the sc then no comma is used
prepositional phrases at the beginning of the sc is always followed by
a comma
i.e In the first inning, he scored a goal.
equal comparison
showes that two entitiees are the same if positive or negative if opposite
-subject pronoun coms at the end (you are not as old as I.)
unequal comparison usage with countable and non-countable nouns
countable nouns: more, fewer, less + noun + THAT
non-countable: many, much. little, less + noun + AS
when no sooner is used at the beginning of the sc word
than must begin second clause
none/no usage
none: used with plural count or non-count noun
no: used with all nouns
some/any usage
some: used in a positive affirmative sentence
any: negative sentence
i.e I want some coffee.
I don’t want any coffee.
comparing 2 people (what form is used)
as though he were Michael Jordan
a group of kids (sing/plural)
always singular: thee is a group of kids
correlative (paired) conjunctions
Both… and - plural form always
Not only… But also
Either… or
Neither… nor
conjunctions
and
so (meaning: therefore, as a result of)
for (meaning: because)
yet (meaning: but, nevertheless)
who/ whom whose
who- replaces the subject and is followed by a verb
The students who have good grades are going to europe.
Whom- replaces the object and is followed by a noun
RW, whom the world adores, is funny.
Whose- indicates possession
John, whose wife is famous, doesn’t like publicity.
gerunds as subject i.e at the beginning of the sentences is followed by the sing/plural form?
always singular
Telling a lie got him…
Eating during depressed periods makes her…
certain nouns + preposition + ing form (gerund)
nouns: choice of, excuse for, intention of, method for, possibility of, reason for
verbs that are always followed by a gerund
admit, discuss, miss, resent, enjoy, postpone, resume, risk, suggest, report, deny, keep
