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polygraphy(lie detection) > reviewer prelim > Flashcards

reviewer prelim Flashcards

1
Q

An instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin resistance in the physiological phenomena that may be used as bases for the application of a reliable technique of diagnosing truth of deception.`

A

Polygraph

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2
Q

two greek words meaning “many writings”

A

Polygraph

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3
Q

sometimes called scientific truth verification

A

polygraphy

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4
Q

refers to the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of the polygraph

A

polygraphy

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5
Q

The polygraph is commonly called

A

lie detector
polygraph machine
deceptograph
truth verifier

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Most information developed using scientific lie detection methods is not admissible evidences in court despite their suitability in a criminal investigation

A

TRUE

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7
Q

what are the EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

A

1.Trial by Ordeal
2. Trial by Combat
3. Trial by Jury

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8
Q

“Dei Indicium”(Latin)

A

miraculous decision

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9
Q

“Judecium Dei”

A

judgement of God

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10
Q

Early methods of detecting deception. What are the trial by ordeals?

A
  1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal
    2.Ordeal by Balance
  2. Ordeal by Boiling water
  3. Ordeal by Rice Chewing
  4. Ordeal of the Red Water
  5. Trial by Combat
  6. Ordeal by drinking Decoction
  7. Ordeal by Corsnead
  8. Ordeal by the Eucharist
  9. Ordeal of the Bier
  10. Ordeal of Heat and Fire
    13.Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water
  11. Ordeal by using Red Hot Needle
  12. Ordeal of the Tiger
  13. Cold Water Ordeal
  14. Ordeal of the Cross
  15. Ordeal by Waxen Shirt
  16. Ordeal by donkey’s tail
  17. Ordeal by candle by lighting
  18. Shellfish
  19. Ordeal by axe
  20. Cock’s feather
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11
Q

practiced in North Bengal. The accused places his tongue to a hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner. Sometimes the accused also is made to carry the metal in his hands. If consumed, the accused is put to death.

A

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

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12
Q

practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. This ordeal is making use of a scale of balance wherein he accused, and accuser shall be placed in both ends of the balance (seesaw like). The person to be adjudged lighter than the other shall be acquitted. On the other hand, the person to be adjudged guilty is the one heavier.

A

Ordeal by Balance

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13
Q

ordeal is used to point the thief in modern Africa. The subjects plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step to the other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the tests without murmuring. The one by the time has lost some or showed blisters would prove that he or she is the thief.

A

Ordeal by Boiling Water

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14
Q

trial is used to determine who is telling the truth or lying. This is practiced in India. It is formed with the kind of rice called “Sathee,” prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats, with his face to the east, and then spits upon a peaceful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or if he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.

A

Ordeal by Rice Chewing

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15
Q

This ordeal is used in Eastern Africa. The accused shall be required to fast for twelve hours. He shall be required to swallow a small amount of cooked rice and be given emetic red water extracted from the Sassy Tree bark. If the accused emits or cough out the rice, he is adjudged guilty of the charge; otherwise, the accused is innocent.

A

Ordeal of the Red Water

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16
Q

This ordeal orders a fight between the accuser and the accused. Whoever lost the battle will be adjudged guilty. The one who wins the battle at the same time wins the case.

A

Trial by combat

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17
Q

The ordeal that requires the accused to be given a decoction to drink by a priest. If the accused was harmless after drinking the decoction, then he is innocent, but if he dies, he is guilty. This ordeal was practiced in Nigeria, Brahmic India, India

A

Ordeal by drinking Decoction

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18
Q

This ordeal is practiced in China and Alexandria, Egypt. The accused is given uncooked dry rice to swallow and after which spit out the same. If the accused spits out the rice to be still dry, he is considered innocent.

A

Ordeal by Eating Corsnead

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19
Q

This ordeal is reserved for the clergy and administered with pomp and ceremony in the European Countries. The accused will be given any liquid food that may cause death to any person. If the accused is innocent, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him.

A

Ordeal by the Eucharist

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20
Q

This ordeal is applied to the mysterious death of a person. The corpse will be brought on a bier of boughs; after which the natives will ask the corpse he/she has been bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the bier is supposed to know more and if the sorcerer who killed him is present, the corpse will touch him/her. This is practiced in countries of the continent of Australia and Europe.

A

Ordeal of the Bier

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21
Q

In this ordeal, the accused is compelled to walk in barefoot through the fire, and if he remains unhurt, then he is innocent. This ordeal was practiced in East Germany, Early Scandinavian Countries, Early England

A

Ordeal by Heat and Fire

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22
Q

The accused is forced to dip his hand into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up a stone in it. If the accused picked up the stone placed in the boiling oil/water unhurt, the accused is innocent. Otherwise, he is guilty. This is practiced in Asian Countries

A

Ordeal by Boiling Oil or Water

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23
Q

This is the ordeal used to determine if the accused or any person is telling a lie or not. A red hot needle shall be drawn through the lips of the accused. The accused will not be hurt, or the accused’s lips will not be burned if he is innocent. If the accused suffered blisters and burns, he is construed to be guilty of the offense charged. This is practiced in Wanaka, East Africa.

A

Ordeal by Using Red Hot Needle

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24
Q

This is the ordeal that makes use of a tiger to be set loose towards the accused and the accuser placed together. The one that spares or untouched by the tiger is considered innocent. If both were spared, further elimination will follow. This ordeal is practiced in Siam.

A

Ordeal of the Tiger

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25
Q

This is the ordeal that was vividly dramatized in the movie entitled “Ivanhoe” that was based from the novel of the same title that became the only legal ordeal that was
A Self-Regulated Learning Module 17
practiced in England during the reign of Henry III. The accuser and accused shall convene a duel or fight where the winner shall be adjudged as innocent, the looser to be guilty of the charge. Those persons not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do so could hire champions in the field to do the fighting for them.

A

Ordeal by Combat

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26
Q

The ordeal that lets the accuser and accused to stand with arms crossed on their breasts in front of at least 3 designated adjudicators. The one who endures the longer is deemed to have told the truth. This is practiced in European Countries.

A

Ordeal of the Cross

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27
Q

The accused is dressed with cloth covered with wax and required to walk in barefoot over burning coals. If unhurt through the fire and the wax did not melt, the accused is innocent, otherwise guilty.

A

Ordeal by Waxen Shirt

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28
Q

a donkey is placed in a room alone, and it will be observed. If the donkey cried or made a noise inside the room, a judgment of guilt in the commission of crimes is presumed.

A

Ordeal of the Donkey’s Tail

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29
Q

most common ordeal that was practiced in Myanmar.The accuser and accused are given each identical candle to be lighted at the same time. The person that holds the candle that burned first ahead is guilty or a liar.

A

Ordeal by Candle Lighting

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30
Q

common ordeal used in Nigeria is

A

Cock’s Feather

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31
Q

suspended ax shall be spanned at the center of a group of suspects. When the ax stopped, whoever was in line with the blade is the one to be guiltiest among the suspects as pointed out by the divine providence.

A

Ordeal by axe

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32
Q

An intentionally false statement to a person or group made by another person or group who knows it is not wholly the truth.

A

Lie

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33
Q

Enumerate the kinds of Lie

A
  1. White Lie / Benign Lie
  2. Pathological Lie
  3. Red Lie
  4. Black Lie
  5. Malicious/ Judicial Lie
  6. Fabrication
  7. Bold-Face Lie
  8. Noble Lie
  9. Emergency Lie
  10. Perjury
  11. Bluffing
  12. Jocose Lie
  13. Contextual Lie
  14. Promotion Lie
  15. Lie to Children
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34
Q

to prevent harm to third party

A

Emergency Lie

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35
Q

a lie used to maintain law and order

A

Noble lie

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36
Q

Obviously lying

A

Bold-Face Lie

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37
Q

misrepresentation of truth

A

Fabrication

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38
Q

misleading or lie to obstruct justice

A

Malicious/ Judicial Lie

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39
Q

Lie to dishonor or to discredit

A

Black Lie

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40
Q

Communist propaganda

A

Red Lie

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41
Q

Can not tell right from wrong

A

Pathological Lie

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42
Q

lie to preserve harmony of relationship

A

White or Benign Lie

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43
Q

False testimony under Oath

A

Perjury

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44
Q

Pretense of capability / intention one does not possess

A

Bluffing

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45
Q

meant to be jest, teasing and sarcasm

A

Jocose Lie

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46
Q

Stating part of truth out of context

A

Contextual Lie

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47
Q

incredible advertisements

A

Promotion Lie

48
Q

Classification of Lie

A
  1. Direct Denial
  2. Lie of Omission
  3. Lie of Fabrication
  4. Lie of Minimization
  5. Lie of Exaggeration
49
Q

Types of Liar

A
  1. Panic Liars
  2. Occupational Liars
  3. Tournament Liars
  4. Psychopathic Liars
  5. Ethological Liars
  6. Pathological Liars
  7. Black Liars
50
Q

lied to avoid the consequences of confession

A

Panic Liars

51
Q

realizes the he/she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing his confessions

A

Tournament Liars

52
Q

no regret of lying

A

Psychopathic Liars

53
Q

Not to reveal any secret

A

Ethological Liars

54
Q

cannot distinguish right from wrong

A

Pathological Liars

55
Q

always pretends keep on adding remarks to themselves

A

Black Liars

56
Q

What are the Verbal Clues of Lying

A
  1. Methods of responding to the questions
  2. Length of time before giving response
  3. Repetition of Questions
  4. Defragmented or incomplete sentences
  5. Being overly polite
  6. Oaths
  7. Clarity of Response
  8. Use of Words
  9. Assertiveness
  10. Inconsistencies
  11. Slip of the Tongue
  12. Tirades
  13. Pauses
  14. Speed of Speech.
57
Q

What are the Non- Verbal clues of Lying

A
  1. Emblems - Gesture
  2. Manipulators
  3. Abnormal Breathing
  4. Sweating
  5. Frequent Swallowing
  6. Facial Muscles
  7. Eye Movement
  8. Facial Expression
58
Q

What are the Common Signs of Lying

A
  1. No eye contact
  2. Change in Voice
  3. Unusual Body Language
  4. Fishy Statements
  5. Overly Defensive
  6. Changes Subject Easily
  7. Use of Humor and Sarcasm
59
Q

Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception

A
  1. Use of Word Association Test
  2. Use of Psychological Stress Evaluator
  3. Administration of Truth Serum
  4. Intoxication With Alcohol
  5. Hypnosis
  6. Interrogation
  7. Brain mapping
  8. Polygraphy
60
Q

Techniques used in Interrogation

A
  1. Emotional Appeal
  2. Mutt and Jeff Technique
  3. Bluff on Split Pair Technique
  4. Stern Approach
61
Q

the scientific method of detecting deception through the use or aid of a polygraph

A

Polygraphy

62
Q

a device or instrument for recording changes of blood pressure,heart rate, respiration and skin conductivity as indication of emotional disturbances especially for lying, when questioned

A

Polygraph

63
Q

He studied fear as an influence in the heart

A

Angelo Mosso

64
Q

pursued his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration with an instrument for measuring blood pressure and pulse change called “plethysmograph’

A

Angelo Mosso

65
Q

discover the phenomenon known as Electrodermal response

A

DR. VIGOUROUX

66
Q

-“A Study of Galvanic Deflections Due to Psycho-Physiological Phenomena”

A

Boris Sidis

67
Q
  • “hydrosphymograph”
A

Cesare Lombroso

68
Q

studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration

A

Angelo Mosso

69
Q

He invented plethysmograph

A

Francis Franke

70
Q

used an ordinary “Sphygmomanometer”

A

Willian Moulton Marston

71
Q

experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance changes and gripping devices to record tension.

A

William Moulton Marston

72
Q

constructed an instrument capable of continuously recording all the three phenomena (BP, pulse and respiration)

A

John Larson

73
Q

He is the “Father of Polygraphy”

A

John Larson

74
Q

“Keeler Polygraph” -galvanometer

A

Leonarde Keeler

75
Q

introduced the card test and the peak of tension test

A

Leonarde Keeler

76
Q

He is the “Father of Modern Polygraphy”

A

Leonarde Keeler

77
Q

published research - respiration changes as symptoms of deception.

A

Vittorio Benussi

78
Q

that respiratory changes were indications of deception

A

Harold Burtt

79
Q

who was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer, which records electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms, the lowest current ever recorded.

A

Luigi Galvani

80
Q
A
81
Q

inventor of the first lie detector using Electro dermal answers

A

Sticker

82
Q

first one to use the term “psychogalvanic skin reflex

A

S. Veraguth

83
Q

developed the “relevant-irrelevant tests”

A

Leonarde A. Keeler

84
Q

(Father of Controls-reid polygraph , “reviewed control question”, “guilt complex test” - overly sensitive subject

A

John E. Reid

85
Q

modification of the Reid Polygraph Technique - General Question Test (MGQT).

A

Ronald E. Decker

86
Q

Backster Zone Comparison Test

A

Cleve Backster

87
Q

“name test”

A

Thomas Hayes Jaycox

88
Q

Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique- renamed - Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique (QTZCT)

A

James Allan Matte

89
Q

Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique- renamed

A

Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique (QTZCT)

90
Q

“The Ink Polygraph”

A

James Mackenzie

91
Q

meeting (Italian Society for Psychology in Rome) - respiratory symptoms of lying.

A

Vittorio Benussi

92
Q

first on to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.

A

Richard O. Archer

93
Q

developed psychological test known as the Word Association Test (WAT)

A

Francis Galton

94
Q

proposing the creation of a federal laboratory - study criminals- apparatus containing all of the elements of a modern polygraph

A

Arthur McDonald

95
Q

first FBI polygraphist

A

E.P Coffey

96
Q

He established the first Federal polygraph research program.

A

E.P Coffey

97
Q

apparatus that has two pneumographs -movement of each foot, each hand, and the head in 3D

A

Otto Lowenstein

98
Q

He devised research on photo polygraph, however, it did not last long, which records several responses simultaneously

A

C.W. Darrow

99
Q

Photo polygraph Simultaneously record

A
  1. Electro dermal response (skin)
  2. Blood Pressure
  3. Heartbeat rate
  4. The time between verbal stimuli and verbal response
  5. Signal marks
  6. Involuntary tremors of one hand
  7. Breathing amplitude and frequency
  8. Voluntary movement of the hand
100
Q

repudiated the term psychogalvanic skin reflex (GSR) and propsed the term electro dermal response

A

Christian Ruckmick

101
Q

invented Electronic Psychrometer using electro dermal responses as basis for lie detection - results of lie detection test is 95%, 5% - margin

A

Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns

102
Q

who developed Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)- this instrument detects trembling in the voice

A

Allen Bell

103
Q

when the person being examined fears detection, that fear produces a measurable physiological reaction when the person responds deceptively.

A

Polygraphy Theory

104
Q

the body’s communication system /nervous system

A

A. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM (CNS)
B. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

105
Q
  • made up of the brain and the spinal cord
    -center of body communication system
A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM

106
Q

composed of nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

107
Q

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

A. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYTEMS (SNS)

B. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

108
Q

composed of sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons
-transmits sensory communications and is responsible for voluntary movement and action

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYTEMS

109
Q

controls involuntary functions such as your heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and blood pressure

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

110
Q

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

A. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

B. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

111
Q
  • the body’s fight-or-flight-response
    -When the system is aroused, your heart and breathing rates increase, digestion slows or stops, your pupils dilate, and you begin to sweat
A

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

112
Q

-restore things to normal when the condition of stress has been removed

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

113
Q

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE

A
  1. Pneumograph
  2. Galvanograph
  3. Cardiosphymograph
  4. Kymograoh
114
Q

this occupies the two top/upper pens of the instrument, which records the thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration.

A

Pneumograph

115
Q

this is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left hand, or the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand.

A

Galvanograph

116
Q

this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit is mechanically operated. It is a high-pressure system. This system records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat employing a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial artery.

A

Cardiosphygmograph

117
Q

this is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that drives the chart at the rate of six inches per minute, and its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at one-half or one-inch interval, represent five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This provides the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rate and question spacing.

A

Kymograph

polygraphy(lie detection) (1 decks)

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