reviewer prelim Flashcards
An instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin resistance in the physiological phenomena that may be used as bases for the application of a reliable technique of diagnosing truth of deception.`
Polygraph
two greek words meaning “many writings”
Polygraph
sometimes called scientific truth verification
polygraphy
refers to the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of the polygraph
polygraphy
The polygraph is commonly called
lie detector
polygraph machine
deceptograph
truth verifier
TRUE OR FALSE
Most information developed using scientific lie detection methods is not admissible evidences in court despite their suitability in a criminal investigation
TRUE
what are the EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
1.Trial by Ordeal
2. Trial by Combat
3. Trial by Jury
“Dei Indicium”(Latin)
miraculous decision
“Judecium Dei”
judgement of God
Early methods of detecting deception. What are the trial by ordeals?
- Red Hot Iron Ordeal
2.Ordeal by Balance - Ordeal by Boiling water
- Ordeal by Rice Chewing
- Ordeal of the Red Water
- Trial by Combat
- Ordeal by drinking Decoction
- Ordeal by Corsnead
- Ordeal by the Eucharist
- Ordeal of the Bier
- Ordeal of Heat and Fire
13.Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water - Ordeal by using Red Hot Needle
- Ordeal of the Tiger
- Cold Water Ordeal
- Ordeal of the Cross
- Ordeal by Waxen Shirt
- Ordeal by donkey’s tail
- Ordeal by candle by lighting
- Shellfish
- Ordeal by axe
- Cock’s feather
practiced in North Bengal. The accused places his tongue to a hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner. Sometimes the accused also is made to carry the metal in his hands. If consumed, the accused is put to death.
Red Hot Iron Ordeal
practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. This ordeal is making use of a scale of balance wherein he accused, and accuser shall be placed in both ends of the balance (seesaw like). The person to be adjudged lighter than the other shall be acquitted. On the other hand, the person to be adjudged guilty is the one heavier.
Ordeal by Balance
ordeal is used to point the thief in modern Africa. The subjects plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step to the other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the tests without murmuring. The one by the time has lost some or showed blisters would prove that he or she is the thief.
Ordeal by Boiling Water
trial is used to determine who is telling the truth or lying. This is practiced in India. It is formed with the kind of rice called “Sathee,” prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats, with his face to the east, and then spits upon a peaceful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or if he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
Ordeal by Rice Chewing
This ordeal is used in Eastern Africa. The accused shall be required to fast for twelve hours. He shall be required to swallow a small amount of cooked rice and be given emetic red water extracted from the Sassy Tree bark. If the accused emits or cough out the rice, he is adjudged guilty of the charge; otherwise, the accused is innocent.
Ordeal of the Red Water
This ordeal orders a fight between the accuser and the accused. Whoever lost the battle will be adjudged guilty. The one who wins the battle at the same time wins the case.
Trial by combat
The ordeal that requires the accused to be given a decoction to drink by a priest. If the accused was harmless after drinking the decoction, then he is innocent, but if he dies, he is guilty. This ordeal was practiced in Nigeria, Brahmic India, India
Ordeal by drinking Decoction
This ordeal is practiced in China and Alexandria, Egypt. The accused is given uncooked dry rice to swallow and after which spit out the same. If the accused spits out the rice to be still dry, he is considered innocent.
Ordeal by Eating Corsnead
This ordeal is reserved for the clergy and administered with pomp and ceremony in the European Countries. The accused will be given any liquid food that may cause death to any person. If the accused is innocent, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him.
Ordeal by the Eucharist
This ordeal is applied to the mysterious death of a person. The corpse will be brought on a bier of boughs; after which the natives will ask the corpse he/she has been bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the bier is supposed to know more and if the sorcerer who killed him is present, the corpse will touch him/her. This is practiced in countries of the continent of Australia and Europe.
Ordeal of the Bier
In this ordeal, the accused is compelled to walk in barefoot through the fire, and if he remains unhurt, then he is innocent. This ordeal was practiced in East Germany, Early Scandinavian Countries, Early England
Ordeal by Heat and Fire
The accused is forced to dip his hand into the boiling water or oil and ask to pick up a stone in it. If the accused picked up the stone placed in the boiling oil/water unhurt, the accused is innocent. Otherwise, he is guilty. This is practiced in Asian Countries
Ordeal by Boiling Oil or Water
This is the ordeal used to determine if the accused or any person is telling a lie or not. A red hot needle shall be drawn through the lips of the accused. The accused will not be hurt, or the accused’s lips will not be burned if he is innocent. If the accused suffered blisters and burns, he is construed to be guilty of the offense charged. This is practiced in Wanaka, East Africa.
Ordeal by Using Red Hot Needle
This is the ordeal that makes use of a tiger to be set loose towards the accused and the accuser placed together. The one that spares or untouched by the tiger is considered innocent. If both were spared, further elimination will follow. This ordeal is practiced in Siam.
Ordeal of the Tiger
This is the ordeal that was vividly dramatized in the movie entitled “Ivanhoe” that was based from the novel of the same title that became the only legal ordeal that was
A Self-Regulated Learning Module 17
practiced in England during the reign of Henry III. The accuser and accused shall convene a duel or fight where the winner shall be adjudged as innocent, the looser to be guilty of the charge. Those persons not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do so could hire champions in the field to do the fighting for them.
Ordeal by Combat
The ordeal that lets the accuser and accused to stand with arms crossed on their breasts in front of at least 3 designated adjudicators. The one who endures the longer is deemed to have told the truth. This is practiced in European Countries.
Ordeal of the Cross
The accused is dressed with cloth covered with wax and required to walk in barefoot over burning coals. If unhurt through the fire and the wax did not melt, the accused is innocent, otherwise guilty.
Ordeal by Waxen Shirt
a donkey is placed in a room alone, and it will be observed. If the donkey cried or made a noise inside the room, a judgment of guilt in the commission of crimes is presumed.
Ordeal of the Donkey’s Tail
most common ordeal that was practiced in Myanmar.The accuser and accused are given each identical candle to be lighted at the same time. The person that holds the candle that burned first ahead is guilty or a liar.
Ordeal by Candle Lighting
common ordeal used in Nigeria is
Cock’s Feather
suspended ax shall be spanned at the center of a group of suspects. When the ax stopped, whoever was in line with the blade is the one to be guiltiest among the suspects as pointed out by the divine providence.
Ordeal by axe
An intentionally false statement to a person or group made by another person or group who knows it is not wholly the truth.
Lie
Enumerate the kinds of Lie
- White Lie / Benign Lie
- Pathological Lie
- Red Lie
- Black Lie
- Malicious/ Judicial Lie
- Fabrication
- Bold-Face Lie
- Noble Lie
- Emergency Lie
- Perjury
- Bluffing
- Jocose Lie
- Contextual Lie
- Promotion Lie
- Lie to Children
to prevent harm to third party
Emergency Lie
a lie used to maintain law and order
Noble lie
Obviously lying
Bold-Face Lie
misrepresentation of truth
Fabrication
misleading or lie to obstruct justice
Malicious/ Judicial Lie
Lie to dishonor or to discredit
Black Lie
Communist propaganda
Red Lie
Can not tell right from wrong
Pathological Lie
lie to preserve harmony of relationship
White or Benign Lie
False testimony under Oath
Perjury
Pretense of capability / intention one does not possess
Bluffing
meant to be jest, teasing and sarcasm
Jocose Lie
Stating part of truth out of context
Contextual Lie
incredible advertisements
Promotion Lie
Classification of Lie
- Direct Denial
- Lie of Omission
- Lie of Fabrication
- Lie of Minimization
- Lie of Exaggeration
Types of Liar
- Panic Liars
- Occupational Liars
- Tournament Liars
- Psychopathic Liars
- Ethological Liars
- Pathological Liars
- Black Liars
lied to avoid the consequences of confession
Panic Liars
realizes the he/she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing his confessions
Tournament Liars
no regret of lying
Psychopathic Liars
Not to reveal any secret
Ethological Liars
cannot distinguish right from wrong
Pathological Liars
always pretends keep on adding remarks to themselves
Black Liars
What are the Verbal Clues of Lying
- Methods of responding to the questions
- Length of time before giving response
- Repetition of Questions
- Defragmented or incomplete sentences
- Being overly polite
- Oaths
- Clarity of Response
- Use of Words
- Assertiveness
- Inconsistencies
- Slip of the Tongue
- Tirades
- Pauses
- Speed of Speech.
What are the Non- Verbal clues of Lying
- Emblems - Gesture
- Manipulators
- Abnormal Breathing
- Sweating
- Frequent Swallowing
- Facial Muscles
- Eye Movement
- Facial Expression
What are the Common Signs of Lying
- No eye contact
- Change in Voice
- Unusual Body Language
- Fishy Statements
- Overly Defensive
- Changes Subject Easily
- Use of Humor and Sarcasm
Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception
- Use of Word Association Test
- Use of Psychological Stress Evaluator
- Administration of Truth Serum
- Intoxication With Alcohol
- Hypnosis
- Interrogation
- Brain mapping
- Polygraphy
Techniques used in Interrogation
- Emotional Appeal
- Mutt and Jeff Technique
- Bluff on Split Pair Technique
- Stern Approach
the scientific method of detecting deception through the use or aid of a polygraph
Polygraphy
a device or instrument for recording changes of blood pressure,heart rate, respiration and skin conductivity as indication of emotional disturbances especially for lying, when questioned
Polygraph
He studied fear as an influence in the heart
Angelo Mosso
pursued his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration with an instrument for measuring blood pressure and pulse change called “plethysmograph’
Angelo Mosso
discover the phenomenon known as Electrodermal response
DR. VIGOUROUX
-“A Study of Galvanic Deflections Due to Psycho-Physiological Phenomena”
Boris Sidis
- “hydrosphymograph”
Cesare Lombroso
studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration
Angelo Mosso
He invented plethysmograph
Francis Franke
used an ordinary “Sphygmomanometer”
Willian Moulton Marston
experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance changes and gripping devices to record tension.
William Moulton Marston
constructed an instrument capable of continuously recording all the three phenomena (BP, pulse and respiration)
John Larson
He is the “Father of Polygraphy”
John Larson
“Keeler Polygraph” -galvanometer
Leonarde Keeler
introduced the card test and the peak of tension test
Leonarde Keeler
He is the “Father of Modern Polygraphy”
Leonarde Keeler
published research - respiration changes as symptoms of deception.
Vittorio Benussi
that respiratory changes were indications of deception
Harold Burtt
who was accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer, which records electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms, the lowest current ever recorded.
Luigi Galvani
inventor of the first lie detector using Electro dermal answers
Sticker
first one to use the term “psychogalvanic skin reflex
S. Veraguth
developed the “relevant-irrelevant tests”
Leonarde A. Keeler
(Father of Controls-reid polygraph , “reviewed control question”, “guilt complex test” - overly sensitive subject
John E. Reid
modification of the Reid Polygraph Technique - General Question Test (MGQT).
Ronald E. Decker
Backster Zone Comparison Test
Cleve Backster
“name test”
Thomas Hayes Jaycox
Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique- renamed - Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique (QTZCT)
James Allan Matte
Polygraph Quadri-Zone Comparison Technique- renamed
Quadri-Track Zone Comparison Technique (QTZCT)
“The Ink Polygraph”
James Mackenzie
meeting (Italian Society for Psychology in Rome) - respiratory symptoms of lying.
Vittorio Benussi
first on to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.
Richard O. Archer
developed psychological test known as the Word Association Test (WAT)
Francis Galton
proposing the creation of a federal laboratory - study criminals- apparatus containing all of the elements of a modern polygraph
Arthur McDonald
first FBI polygraphist
E.P Coffey
He established the first Federal polygraph research program.
E.P Coffey
apparatus that has two pneumographs -movement of each foot, each hand, and the head in 3D
Otto Lowenstein
He devised research on photo polygraph, however, it did not last long, which records several responses simultaneously
C.W. Darrow
Photo polygraph Simultaneously record
- Electro dermal response (skin)
- Blood Pressure
- Heartbeat rate
- The time between verbal stimuli and verbal response
- Signal marks
- Involuntary tremors of one hand
- Breathing amplitude and frequency
- Voluntary movement of the hand
repudiated the term psychogalvanic skin reflex (GSR) and propsed the term electro dermal response
Christian Ruckmick
invented Electronic Psychrometer using electro dermal responses as basis for lie detection - results of lie detection test is 95%, 5% - margin
Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns
who developed Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)- this instrument detects trembling in the voice
Allen Bell
when the person being examined fears detection, that fear produces a measurable physiological reaction when the person responds deceptively.
Polygraphy Theory
the body’s communication system /nervous system
A. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM (CNS)
B. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- made up of the brain and the spinal cord
-center of body communication system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM
composed of nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYTEMS (SNS)
B. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
composed of sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neurons
-transmits sensory communications and is responsible for voluntary movement and action
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYTEMS
controls involuntary functions such as your heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and blood pressure
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
B. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- the body’s fight-or-flight-response
-When the system is aroused, your heart and breathing rates increase, digestion slows or stops, your pupils dilate, and you begin to sweat
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
-restore things to normal when the condition of stress has been removed
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE
- Pneumograph
- Galvanograph
- Cardiosphymograph
- Kymograoh
this occupies the two top/upper pens of the instrument, which records the thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration.
Pneumograph
this is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left hand, or the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand.
Galvanograph
this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit is mechanically operated. It is a high-pressure system. This system records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat employing a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial artery.
Cardiosphygmograph
this is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that drives the chart at the rate of six inches per minute, and its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at one-half or one-inch interval, represent five or ten seconds interval on the chart. This provides the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rate and question spacing.
Kymograph
