Reviewer Flashcards by Ronaldmiguel Mitra

Occurs on Earth’s surface and reduce relief

Exogenic Processes

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In geology are function of a body’s internal geodynamic

Endogenic Processes

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The breakdown and dissolving of rocks and minerals.

Weathering

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What are the three types of Weathering?

Physical/Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering

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A process that cause disintegration of rocks, minerals and soils without a chemical change.

Physical/Mechanical Weathering

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Changes the molecular structure of rocks and soils.

Chemical Weathering

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Caused by animal and plants

Biological Weathering

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Collisions of rocks creates extreme pressure.

Pressure

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Most minerals expand when heated, and contract when cooled

Temperature

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Splitting and breaking up of rock by the pressure frozen water

Frost Wedging

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Rubbing and scraping of rocks through friction

Abrasion

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The mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make a carbonic acid

Carbonation

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The chemical breaking of substance when combined with water

Hydrolysis

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Occurs when oxygen reacts with iron to form oxide (Iron)

Oxidation

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The general term of the movement of rocks and soils under the forces of gravity

Mass movements

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What is the 2 Types of Mass movement?

Slow Mass Movements
Rapid Mass Movement

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The imperceptibly slow, and the downslode of movement of soils and earthen material

Creep

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Is a collective name for gradual processes and related to freeze-thaw activity

Solifluction

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A form of mass wasting involving the fast movement of debris that becames liquified to addition in water

Mud

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The mass of rocks fragment and soil that down to steep mountain

Debris Avalanche

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A natural process that occurs on steep slopes

Landslide

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A geological Process in which earthen material are worn away and transported by natural forces such as Winds and Waters

Erosion

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What are the causes of Erosion

Climate
Topography
Vegetation
Tectonic Activity

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Heat from the bombardment of the Earth during early stages of formation

Primordial Heat

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The heat generated by a long-term radioactive decay

Radioactive Heat

The main source are the four long-live isotopes namely

K (Potassium) 40 Th (Thorium) 232 U (Uranium) 235 U (Uranium) 238

Can rise when pieces of Earth's crush Called Tectonic plates slowly moves away

Magma

Means of ranking commonly igneous silicate minerals by temperature.

Bowen's Reaction Series

Is the process of creating one or more secondary magma from a single-parent magma

Magmatic Differentation

Is the chemical process which the composition of liquid (Magma) changes due to crystalization

Crystal fractionation

As described in bowen's reaction series, quartz and muscovite are the most stable mineral on Earth's surface.

Partial Melting

The submerged outer edge of the continent.

Continental Margin

Features a wide, gently sloping continental shelf (50-200m depth), Continental Slope (3000-4000m depth)

Passive or Atlantic type

Characterized by a narrow shelf and slope that descends into trench or trough.

Active or Pacific Type

Referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level

Seafloor Bathymetry

Weight rope lowered overboard until it reach the sea bottom.

Sounding Line

A type of sonar that measures depth by emitting high burst frequency.

Echo Sounding

Profiles shape by of the sea's surface by measuring the time travel.

Satellite Altimetry

Abyssal plain is an extremely flat, sediment covered stretch of the ocean floor

Abyssal plains and Abyssal Hills

A submarine mountain chain that winds for more than 65,000 km per around the globe.

Mid-ocean Ridges

Narrow, elongated depressions on the sea floor

Deep-ocean trenches

Submerged volcanoes are called seamounts while those that rises above the ocean surface are called Volcanic Island

Seamounts and Volcanic Islands

Made the continental drift

Alfred Wegener

He is one of the discoverers of the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis.

Harry Hess

> Shreds evidence for Continental Drift.

- Fill the continents - Matching of the rock unit across ocean basins - Distribution of fossils.

> Why many scientists rejected Wegener's continental drift

Wegener could not conceive of an acceptable mechanism for moving continents around

A fine layer of sediment covering much of the Seafloor becomes progressively thicker.

Sediment Thickness

Consist primarily of basalt

Composition of Oceanic Crust

Led scientist to speculate that magma is rising into the crust just below the mid-ocean ridges

High heat flow along mid-ocean ridge axes

Earthquakes do not occur randomly but define distinct belt.

distribution of submarine earthquakes

In year (?) and He advanced the theory of seafloor spreading.

1960 , Harry hess

A similar idea with Hess was proposed by ? in year ?

Arthur Holmes on 1920

Evidences of Seafloor Spreading?

-Distribution of Seafloor Topographic Features. - Sediments Thickness - Composition of Oceanic Crust - High Heat Flow along mid-ocean ridges axes. - Distribution of Submarine Earthquakes.

volcanoes in land are ? Volcanoes in water are ?

Volcanic Islands Seamounts

What is the proof Seafloor Spreading?

- Magnetic Stripes of the seafloor - The pattern of magnetic anomalies

History of Earth

Geologic Time Scale

Distribution of mid-ocean ridges and depth of the seafloor

Distribution of seafloor topographic features.

- Represents 80% of Earth's history - Eon of "Hidden Life" - Fossil Record obscure

The Precambriam Or Crytozoic Era ( 4.6 Ga - 540 Ma. )

- From "Hades" the greek god of the underworld - Chaotic time.

Hadean Eon ( 4.56 - 3.8 Ga )

- Anaerobic ( Lack of Air ) - No Ozone

Archean Eon ( 3.8 - 2.5 Ga )

- Oxygen level reaches - 3% of the atmosphere

Proteroic Eon ( 2.5 Ga - 540 Ma )

- Eon of "Visible Life) - Plants colonize land by 480 Ma - Animals colonize land by 450 Ma

Phanerozoic Era ( 540 Ma - Presen )

- Age of reptiles - Early Mamals (220 Ma) - First Birds (150 ma) - First flowering plants (130 ma)

Mesozoic Era ( 245 - 65 Ma )

- Age of mamals - Radiation of modern Birds

Cenozoic Era ( 65 Ma to Present )

Knowing how to adjust or cope with an exiting environment condition.

Hazard Adaption

Measures to reduce the frequency or sererity of loses bought by hazards.

Risk Reduction

Therse are measures, method , and strategies that eliminate impact and the risk of hazards

Disaster Mitigation

There's are examples of natural disasters

- Tropical Cyclone - Thunderstorm - Hailstorms - Tornadoes - Blizzards - Heavy snowfall - Avalanches - Coastal storm surges - Flash Floods - Drought - Heat Waves

The wearing away of the land by the sea due to destructive waves.

Coastal Erosion

As the wave crashes on the shore, the water pushes sediments up the beach.

Sediment movement along coasts

When waves lose their capacity to carry or to transport sediments.

Coastal Deposition