reviewer

Question 1

the science of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data.

Answer 1

STATISTICS

Question 2

the process of gathering information from various sources to make informed decisions.

Answer 2

DATA COLLECTION

Question 3

Types of Data Collection

Answer 3

P - primary Data
S - secondary Data
Q - qualitative Data
Q - quantitative Data

Question 4

Directly gathered from the source through methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments.

Answer 4

Primary Data

Question 5

Collected from existing sources like reports, articles, or databases.

Answer 5

Secondary Data

Question 6

Non-numerical information such as opinions and experiences, collected through interviews, focus groups, or observations.

Answer 6

Qualitative Data

Question 7

Numerical data, gathered through structured methods like surveys or experiments, often used to measure and analyze trends.

Answer 7

Quantitative Data

Question 8

Common Data Collection Methods

Answer 8

S - survey
I - interview
F - focus group
O - observation
C - case study
E - experiments
S - secondary data analysis

Question 9

Asking questions to individuals or groups, often conducted online, by phone, or in person.

Answer 9

Survey

Question 10

One-on-one conversations to gain in-depth insights.

Answer 10

Interview

Question 11

Group discussions led by a facilitator to explore specific topics.

Answer 11

Focus Group

Question 12

Watching and recording behaviors or events in their natural setting.

Answer 12

Observation

Question 13

Testing hypotheses by manipulating variables to observe effects.

Answer 13

Experiments

Question 14

Detailed analysis of a single subject or event.

Answer 14

Case Study

Question 15

Using existing data collected for other purposes.

Answer 15

Secondary Data Analysis

Question 16

Steps to Collect Data

Answer 16

D - define your problem
I - identify data source
S - select your method
P - plan the process
T - test the process
C - collect the data
A - analyze the data
R - report the findings

Question 17

Review and interpret the data to draw conclusions.

Answer 17

analyze the data

Question 18

Things to consider in collecting data

Answer 18

V - validate the accuracy and consistency
P - protect data from unauthorized access
R - respect privacy and ask for consent if necessary
M - match your analysis to your data type
K - keep data well-structured

Question 19

The Engineering Method

Answer 19

D - define the objective
I - identify key factors
P - propose a model
C - conduct experiment
R - refine the model
D - develop a solution
V - validate the solution
D - draw a conclusion

Question 20

Clearly describe the issue you’re addressing.

Answer 20

Define the problem

Question 21

Determine the important factors that affect the problem or its solution.

Answer 21

Identify key factors

Question 22

Use your scientific or engineering knowledge to create a model of the problem, noting any limitations or assumptions.

Answer 22

Propose a model

Question 23

Test or validate your model with appropriate experiments and data collection.

Answer 23

Conduct experiment

Question 24

Adjust the model based on the data you’ve gathered.

Answer 24

Refine the model

Question 25

Use the refined model to create a solution to the problem.

Answer 25

Develop a solution

Question 26

Perform an experiment to ensure the solution is both effective and efficient.

Answer 26

Validate the solution

Question 27

Summarize the results and suggest further actions based on your findings.

Answer 27

Draw conclusion and make recommendations

Question 28

Collecting Engineering Data

Answer 28

R - retrospective Study O - observational Study D - designed Experiment

Question 29

Analyzing historical data that’s already been collected.

Answer 29

Retrospective Study

Question 30

Watching and recording data from a process in real-time with minimal interference.

Answer 30

Observational Study

Question 31

Conducting controlled tests where we purposely change certain variables to see how they impact outcomes.

Answer 31

Designed Experiment

Question 32

a method of asking a large group of people a few focused questions to gather information.

Answer 32

Survey

Question 33

The researcher asks questions directly.

Answer 33

Face-to-face survey

Question 34

Participants complete the survey on their own, either on paper, by mail, or online.

Answer 34

Self-administered survey

Question 35

Steps for Planning, Conducting, and Analyzing an Experiment

Answer 35

I - identify the problem C - choose factors, levels and ranges S - select the response D - design the experiment C - conduct the experiment A - Analyze the data D - draw conclusion and make recommendations

Question 36

(denoted by Ω) a set that contains all possible outcomes of a random experiment.

Answer 36

Sample space

Question 37

a sample space with a limited number of outcomes

Answer 37

Finite sample space

Question 38

A sample space with infinitely many possible outcomes.

Answer 38

Infinite sample space

Question 39

subset of the sample space. It includes one or more outcomes that satisfy a certain condition.

Answer 39

Event

Question 40

A single outcome of the experiment.

Answer 40

Simple event

Question 41

An event that contains more than one outcome

Answer 41

Compound event

Question 42

This event occurs if either event 𝐴 or event 𝐵 (or both) occur. It represents the combination of outcomes from both events.

Answer 42

Union

Question 43

This event occurs if both 𝐴 and 𝐵 happen at the same time. It represents outcomes that are common to both events.

Answer 43

Intersection

Question 44

This event occurs if event 𝐴 does not happen. It includes all the outcomes in the sample space that are not in 𝐴.

Answer 44

Complement

Question 45

Two events are _ _ (or disjoint) if they cannot occur at the same time. In set notation, this means 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵=∅.

Answer 45

Mutually exclusive event

Question 46

These laws describe the relationships between the complements of unions and intersections of events

Answer 46

De Morgan's Law

Question 47

all about sequences where the order matters.

Answer 47

Permutations

Question 48

The order doesn't matter.

Answer 48

Combination

Question 49

When items can repeat,

Answer 49

Permutations with repetition

Question 50

When items can't repeat

Answer 50

Permutations without repetition

Question 51

A factorial is the product of all numbers from 1 up to a given number 𝑛

Answer 51

Factorials for permutations

Question 52

involve selecting items from a set where each item can be chosen more than once, and the order of selection does not matter.

Answer 52

Combination with repetition / multiset combination

Question 53

involve selecting items from a set where each item can only be used once, and the order of selection does not matter.

Answer 53

Combination without repetition

Question 54

involve selecting items from a set where each item can only be used once, and the order of selection does not matter.

Answer 54

Combination without repetition

Question 55

Rules of probability

Answer 55

R1 - probability of an event R2 - probability of the impossible event R3 - probability of the certain event R4 - additivity rule

Question 56

For any event 𝐸, the probability 𝑃(𝐸) lies between 0 and 1

Answer 56

Probability of an event

Question 57

The probability of the empty set ∅, representing the "impossible event," is always zero

Answer 57

Probability of the impossible event

Question 58

The probability of the sample space 𝑆, which represents the "certain event," is always 1

Answer 58

Probability of the certain event

Question 59

If an event 𝐸 can be broken into disjoint (non-overlapping) events 𝐸1,𝐸2,𝐸3…, then the probability of 𝐸 is the sum of the probabilities of its disjoint parts

Answer 59

Additivity rule

Question 60

the probability of an event occurring given that another event has occurred. The conditional probability of event 𝐴 given that event 𝐵 has occurred

Answer 60

Conditional probability

Question 61

Two events A and B are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the other.

Answer 61

independence of two events

Question 62

provides a way to update the probability of an event based on new information.

Answer 62

Baye's theorem

Question 63

a function that assigns a numerical value to each outcome in a sample space.

Answer 63

Random variable

Question 64

Take on a countable number of distinct values.

Answer 64

Discrete random variable

Question 65

Take on an infinite number of values within a range or interval.

Answer 65

Continuous random variables

Question 66

describes the probabilities associated with the possible values of a random variable.

Answer 66

Probability distribution

Question 67

lists the possible values of the random variable along with their respective probabilities

Answer 67

Probability mass function

Question 68

denoted by 𝐹(𝑥), gives the probability that a random variable 𝑋 takes a value less than or equal to 𝑥.

Answer 68

Cumulative distribution function

Question 69

The expected value of a random variable is a measure of the central tendency

Answer 69

mean of discrete random variable

Question 70

measures how far the values of 𝑋 are from the expected value 𝐸(𝑋) on average.

Answer 70

Variance of random variable

Question 71

the square root of the variance, providing a measure of the spread of values in the same units as the original data.

Answer 71

Standard deviation

Question 72

a probability distribution where each outcome in a finite set of 𝑛 equally likely outcomes has the same probability.

Answer 72

discrete unifom distribution

Question 73

a discrete probability distribution that models the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials, where each trial has only two possible outcomes: success or failure.

Answer 73

Binomial distribution

Question 74

a trial with only two possible outcomes is used so frequently as a building block of a random experiment.

Answer 74

Bernoulli trial