reviewer

Question 1

refers to the health of the population as measured by health status indicators, and as influenced by social, economic and physical environments, personal health practices, individual capacity and coping skills, human biology, early childhood development, health services and gender and culture.

Answer 1

POPULATION HEALTH

Question 2

is the science and art of preventing disease, health surveillance, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society.

Answer 2

PUBLIC HEALTH

Question 3

is the average number of years that a newborn can expect to live in “full health”—in other words, not hampered by disabling illnesses or injuries.

Answer 3

HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY

Question 4

includes physical risk factors for disease and illnesses such as the age of the person, their genetics, and the presence of any anatomical structure abnormalities.

Answer 4

Biophysical

Question 5

includes social forces such as socioeconomic status, and support systems; the cultural aspect of the Socio-cultural Dimension includes things like the beliefs, practices, and values of the client as based on their culture.

Answer 5

Socio-cultural

Question 6

refers to the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, to interactions with others, the ability to adapt various social situations and daily behaviors.

Answer 6

social health

Question 7

includes the client’s ability to adapt with and cope with changes, including those related to illness and disease, the client’s level of cognition, and their willingness and motivation to participate in health and wellness activities, for example

Answer 7

Psychological and Emotional

Question 8

refers to the feeling component; to express emotions when appropriate and to control expressing emotions either when it is inappropriate to do so or in an appropriate manner. Feelings of self-esteem, self-confidence, self-efficacy, trust, love and many other emotional reactions and responses are all part of emotional health.

Answer 8

emotional health

Question 9

includes the client’s choices in terms of their behaviors and life style choices. For example, a good exercise regimen, adequate nutrition and the avoidance of harmful substances are examples of some of the components of the behavioral dimension of health and wellness.

Answer 9

Behavioral

Question 10

includes factors and forces in the external environment that positively or negatively impact on clients’ health. For example, clean air and clean drinking water in the environment facilitate health; and air pollution and contaminated drinking water negatively impact on the health of those who are exposed to it in the environment

Answer 10

Physical Environment

Question 11

includes the clients’ availability, accessibility, and affordability of health care and health-related resources and services that meet their health related needs.

Answer 11

Health Systems

Question 11

refers to appreciation of nature and external environment and the role individuals play in preserving, protecting and improving environmental conditions

Answer 11

Environmental health

Question 12

reflects the client’s level of cognition and their abilities to solve health care problems, including an adequate level of health literacy in order for the client to understand, and consent to, procedures, alternatives, and treatments relating to their health care concerns.

Answer 12

Intellectual health

Question 12

refers to the ability to understand and express one’s purpose in life; to feel a part of a greater spectrum of existence; to experience love, joy, pain, sorrow, peace, contentment and wonder over life’s experiences; and to care about and respect all living things. This dimension reflects the clients connectedness to their God/or their higher power.

Answer 12

Spiritual health

Question 13

includes the client’s ability to balance their work life with their personal and social lives and associated roles and responsibilities.

Answer 13

Occupational health

Question 14

describes the state of a person’s personal financial situation. Its dimensions include savings, retirement planning, and the income spent on fixed or non-discretionary expenses. Those who are financially well are fully aware of their current financial state. They set long-and short-term goals regarding finances that will allow them to reach their personal goals and achieve self-defined financial success.

Answer 14

Financial health

Question 15

encompasses all things school, time, and graduation. It includes satisfaction in your program, performance in classes, relationships with instructors, and progress toward graduation. Academic wellness can give you a sense of drive and purpose.

Answer 15

Academic wellness

Question 16

refer to the objectivity of disease (measurable or what health provider can observe)

Answer 16

Signs

Question 17

refer to the subjectivity of the disease (something felt by patient)

Answer 17

Symptoms

Question 18

focuses on the physical and biological aspects of diseases. A medical model of care attended by doctors or other health professionals in association with diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.

Answer 18

BIOMEDICAL model of Health

Question 19

attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental, or economic factors) rather than disease and injury. A community approach focusing more on policies, education and health promotion.

Answer 19

SOCIAL model of Health

Question 20

It views health as a scientific construct and a social phenomenon. It pays “explicit attention to humanness” (Engel, 1997). It views health and illness behaviors as products of biological characteristics (such as genes), behavioral factors (such as lifestyle, stress, and health beliefs), and social conditions (such as cultural influences, family relationships, and social support). Developing treatment protocols to increase adherence to medical treatments, weight loss programs, smoking cessation are just few to mention possible activities of health psychologists in collaboration with other health professionals. Hence, research often focuses on prevention and intervention programs designed to promote healthier lifestyles (e.g., exercise and nutrition programs).

Answer 20

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL model

Question 21

It focuses on how and why people stay well. Antonovsky (1987) describes the substantive structure of the sense of coherence as comprising three components: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. It rejects the current tendency to hold individuals responsible for the fate of their health. It recognizes that optimal functioning requires social stability, rewarding occupations and freedom from anxiety, stress and persecution. The salutogenic model stresses health as a balance: ‘an ecological process, within and without the individual’ (Fulder, 1998).

Answer 21

SALUTOGENIC model of health

Question 22

There are three main categories in which health education model can be broadly placed

Answer 22

HEALTH EDUCATION model

Question 23

a preventive approach and focuses on lifestyle behaviors that impact on health

Answer 23

behavioral change model

Question 24

(also known as the self-actualization model) it seeks to develop the individual’s ability to control their own health status as far as possible within their environment

Answer 24

self-empowerment model

Question 25

a socio-ecological approach that takes account of the interrelationship between the individual and the environment. It is based on the view that health is determined largely by factors that operate outside the control of individuals

Answer 25

collective action model

Question 26

provided much of the impetus for the change to using a socio-ecological approach for health education and health promotion. This charter recognized that major health gains were linked not so much to advances in medical knowledge as to increases in wages and living standards and to public health initiatives accompanied by policy changes at government and community levels.

Answer 26

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO, 1986)

Question 27

peace, education, food, shelter, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity. It advocates “a socio-ecological approach to improve health in which people and their environments are considered to be inextricably linked.”

Question 28

Ottawa Charter determined that five key strategies

Answer 28

1. creation of supportive environments
2. development of personal skills
3. strengthening of community action
4. building of healthy public policies
5. reorientation of health services

Question 29

The “reflective-analytical context model” recognizes that health issues have multi-factual causes and impacts. Here the focus of the health problem can be attended to individually, as a group, within an organization or on a community or societal level. Combining micro-, meso-, and macro levels creates reflection on the connection between social structures and their effect on everyday life. Different perspectives of a specific health problem necessitate reflection on the causes of the health problem in focus, and thereby contribute to a focus on which dimensions of a problem could be selected for further investigation.

Answer 29

Health promotion in context