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Science Quiz #2 > Reviewer > Flashcards

Reviewer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Cell Divison

A

the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred as daughter cells.

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2
Q

What are the two cell types?

A

Prokaryotes - single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes - organisms that have cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

What are all the stages of mitosis

A

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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4
Q

Mitosis:

What is interphase?

A
  • longest stage of the cell cycle

this is when the cell grows and copies its DNA. During mitosis, chromosomes will align seperate and move into new daughter cells.

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5
Q

Mitosis:

What is Gap 1?

A

normal cell functions

cell growth

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6
Q

What is synthesis?

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome replication

chromatids joined by centromere

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7
Q

Mitosis:

What is Gap 2?

A

Cell growth and RNA and protein synthesis

Produce molecules need for mitosis

Microtubules assembly

Organelles duplicated

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8
Q

What is prophase?

A

Prophase is when chromatin condenses into chromosomes

the nucleolus dissapears.

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9
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate (imaginary plane)

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10
Q

What happens during Mitotic Phase M-Phase?

A

Cell division starts to occur which consists of nuclear division (mitosis) followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). The DNA is replicated in the preceding S phase; the two copies of each replicated chromosome (called sister chromatids) remain glued together by cohesins.

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11
Q

What is happening during the Prometaphase

A

nuclear membrane breaks down

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12
Q

What happens in the kinetochore microtubules

A

it invades nuclear space, and attaches to kinetochores

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13
Q

What do the polar microtubules do?

A

They push against each other, moving centrosomes apart.

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14
Q

What happens during the Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes break at centromeres and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

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15
Q

What happens in the metaphase

A

In the metaphase, chromosomes start to line up along.

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16
Q

What is happening in Telophase & Cytokinesis?

A

The nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes unwind into chromatin.

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17
Q

What is happening during the Anaphase?

A

the fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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18
Q

How are living organisms distinguished?

A

They are distinguished by being able to reproduce their own kind.

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19
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

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20
Q

What is heredity?

A

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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21
Q

How is variation demonstrated?

A

It is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

22
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes are the units of heredity, and are made up of segment of dna

23
Q

What are gamates?

A

A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.

24
Q

What is a locus?

A

The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.

25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

they have 23 pairs of chromosomes

26
Q

Define what a karyotype is?

A

It is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.

27
Q

What are the two chromosomes in each pair called?

A

They are called homologous chromosomes, or homologs

28
Q

What are the sex chromosomes called?

A

they are called X and Y

29
Q

Which gender has a homologous pair of XX

A

females

30
Q

Which gender has a homologous pair of XY

A

males

31
Q

define autosome

A

Autosomes are 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex.

32
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46 chromosomes

two sets:

father: 23
mother: 23

33
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

two sets of chromosomes

34
Q

how many sets of chromosomes does a gamate have?

A

it contains a single set of chromosomes

35
Q

What is fertilization

A

it is the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

36
Q

What is called a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg is called a zygote and has one set of chromosomes from each parent

37
Q

What does a zygote produce?

A

it produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult.

38
Q

Where does Meiosis take place?

A

It takes place in two sets of cell divisions, called meisosis 1 and meiosis 2

39
Q

what happens in the first cell division (miosis 1)

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate.

40
Q

What happens in the second cell division (meiosis 2)

A

Sister chromatid seperate.

41
Q

What preceded by Meiosis 1

A

chromosomes are replicated to form sister chromatids.

the sister chromatids are genetically identical and joined at the centromere

the single centrosome replicates, which forms two centrosomes.

42
Q

What are the divisions of meiosis 1

A

there are four phases

them being:

  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
43
Q

What happens in synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene.

44
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A

nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments

each pair of chromosomes form a tetrad, a group of four chromatids

45
Q

what is metaphase 1?

A

metaphase 1 is when tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole.

46
Q

Anaphase 1

A

in anaphase 1, pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate, one chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus.

47
Q

What is telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

telophase 1:

each half of the cell has a halpoid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two chromatids

cytokinesis:

usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells.

48
Q

what are the divisions of meiosis 2?

A

there are four phases:

  • prophase 2
    -metaphase 2
    anaphase 2
    telephase 2 and cytokinesis
49
Q

what occurs in prophase 2

A

a spinde appartus forms, in the late prophase 2, chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate.

50
Q

what occurs in metaphase 2

A

In metaphase II, the sister chromatids are
arranged at the metaphase plate

Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two
sister chromatids of each chromosome are no
longer genetically identical

51
Q

what occurs in anaphase 2

A

in anaphase 2, the sister chromatids seperate, the sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

52
Q

what occurs in telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

telophase 2:

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing

cytokenesis:

at the end of meiosis there are four daughter cells each with haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the other and from the parent cell.

Science Quiz #2 (1 decks)

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