Review Week1- Objective review Flashcards
What is the Nernst equation calculate? And give the equation
Describes the Relation of Diffusion Potential to the Ion Concentration Difference Across a Membrane.
z(61.5)x log(ion outside/ion inside)
What are the main anions and cations in the intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Extracellular: Na+ and Cl-
Intracellular: K+ and Mg and phosphates.
By what time are all female gametes created?
Five months in utero
Final product of Spermatogenesis
Spermatozoa
Difference between Spermatids and Spermatazoa, and how is it formed?
Spermatid cells lose most of their cytoplasm and form flagella.
How many autosomes does an oocyte have?
22 Autosomes and 1 X-chromosome
What two layers surround the oocyte?
Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida
The difference between ration and proportion
Ratios
Division of 2 unrelated numbers
• Numerator is not part of the denominator o Proportions
Division of 2 related numbers
• Numerator is a subset of the denominator
Equation for calculating electrostatic interactions?
Coulomb’s Law: E=kq1q2/Dr
k=332 kcal mol^-1 or 1389 kilojoules mol^-1
D= Dielectric constant
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH=pKa + log(A-)/(HA)
What embryonic feature is the foundation for which the vertebral column will form from?
Notochord
What is the normal resting potential of a nerve fiber?
-90mV
What is Histopathology?
Microscopic examination of tissue to study the manifestations of disease.
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
Who was awarded the 1906 nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine?
Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal- for their work in the structure of the nervous system.
What were Virchow’s contributions to Histology?
He pioneered the concept of pathological processes through the application of cell theory (all cells from cells)
What were Bichat’s contributions to Histology?
contributed the perception that diverse body organs contained particular tissues and membranes. Organic (heart, intestines governed by thoracic brains “ganglionic nervous system”) and animal life systems (symmetrical organs eyes, ears, and limbs ruled by wit and intellect). Understood tissues as distinct entities that were attacked by diseases rather than whole organs.
What is reflective index?
velocity of light/velocity of light inside transmitting medium
Attributes of a “real image” (formed when object is placed outside of focal point)
- inverted
- can be projected onto a screen
- Differs in size from object
Attributes of a “virtual image” (formed when object is inside the focal point)
- Not inverted
- Cannot be projected onto a screen
- Can be magnified
- No pt exists where rays from object are focused
Equation for Resolution
d = 0.61𝛌 / nsinα
where:
𝛌 = wavelength of light
0.61= constant
n= refractive index of medium (air = 1 oil = 1.4)
sinα= angle of cone of light entering objective lens (max 180 degrees)
nsinα= numerical aperture (max 1.4)
Pro’s and Con’s of Compound Optical (Light) Microscope
Pros: ability to magnify
ability to resolve structural detail
Cons: specimen must be thin
little contrast in unstained specimen
Phase Contrast Microscope
Converts phase shifts in light passing through specimen into brightness changes
Pros:
can be used to examine unstained specimen
can be used for living cells
Florescence Microscope
Detects molecules that emit light in the visible range when exposed to UV (autofluorescent molecules like Vitamin A)
Best used to detect induced fluorescence (antigens/antibodies in immunochemical staining and fluorescent tracers)
Confocal Scanning Microscope
Increases optical resolution and contrast by eliminating out of focus light
Enables reconstruction of 3D images
Pros:
very thin optical images of specimen are created
Transmission Electron Microscope
Uses beam of electrons rather than light
