Review Week1- Objective review

Question 1

What is the Nernst equation calculate? And give the equation

Answer 1

Describes the Relation of Dif­fusion Potential to the Ion Concentration Difference Across a Membrane.
z(61.5)x log(ion outside/ion inside)

Question 2

What are the main anions and cations in the intracellular and extracellular fluids?

Answer 2

Extracellular: Na+ and Cl-
Intracellular: K+ and Mg and phosphates.

Question 3

By what time are all female gametes created?

Answer 3

Five months in utero

Question 4

Final product of Spermatogenesis

Answer 4

Spermatozoa

Question 5

Difference between Spermatids and Spermatazoa, and how is it formed?

Answer 5

Spermatid cells lose most of their cytoplasm and form flagella.

Question 6

How many autosomes does an oocyte have?

Answer 6

22 Autosomes and 1 X-chromosome

Question 7

What two layers surround the oocyte?

Answer 7

Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida

Question 8

The difference between ration and proportion

Answer 8

Ratios
 Division of 2 unrelated numbers
• Numerator is not part of the denominator o Proportions
 Division of 2 related numbers
• Numerator is a subset of the denominator

Question 9

Equation for calculating electrostatic interactions?

Answer 9

Coulomb’s Law: E=kq1q2/Dr
k=332 kcal mol^-1 or 1389 kilojoules mol^-1
D= Dielectric constant

Question 10

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

Answer 10

pH=pKa + log(A-)/(HA)

Question 11

What embryonic feature is the foundation for which the vertebral column will form from?

Answer 11

Notochord

Question 12

What is the normal resting potential of a nerve fiber?

Answer 12

-90mV

Question 13

What is Histopathology?

Answer 13

Microscopic examination of tissue to study the manifestations of disease.

Question 14

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 14

Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

Question 15

Who was awarded the 1906 nobel prize in Physiology/Medicine?

Answer 15

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal- for their work in the structure of the nervous system.

Question 16

What were Virchow’s contributions to Histology?

Answer 16

He pioneered the concept of pathological processes through the application of cell theory (all cells from cells)

Question 17

What were Bichat’s contributions to Histology?

Answer 17

contributed the perception that diverse body organs contained particular tissues and membranes. Organic (heart, intestines governed by thoracic brains “ganglionic nervous system”) and animal life systems (symmetrical organs eyes, ears, and limbs ruled by wit and intellect). Understood tissues as distinct entities that were attacked by diseases rather than whole organs.

Question 18

What is reflective index?

Answer 18

velocity of light/velocity of light inside transmitting medium

Question 19

Attributes of a “real image” (formed when object is placed outside of focal point)

Answer 19

• inverted
• can be projected onto a screen
• Differs in size from object

Question 20

Attributes of a “virtual image” (formed when object is inside the focal point)

Answer 20

• Not inverted
• Cannot be projected onto a screen
• Can be magnified
• No pt exists where rays from object are focused

Question 21

Equation for Resolution

Answer 21

d = 0.61𝛌 / nsinα
where:
𝛌 = wavelength of light
0.61= constant
n= refractive index of medium (air = 1 oil = 1.4)
sinα= angle of cone of light entering objective lens (max 180 degrees)
nsinα= numerical aperture (max 1.4)

Question 22

Pro’s and Con’s of Compound Optical (Light) Microscope

Answer 22

Pros: ability to magnify
ability to resolve structural detail
Cons: specimen must be thin
little contrast in unstained specimen

Question 23

Phase Contrast Microscope

Answer 23

Converts phase shifts in light passing through specimen into brightness changes
Pros:
can be used to examine unstained specimen
can be used for living cells

Question 24

Florescence Microscope

Answer 24

Detects molecules that emit light in the visible range when exposed to UV (autofluorescent molecules like Vitamin A)
Best used to detect induced fluorescence (antigens/antibodies in immunochemical staining and fluorescent tracers)

Question 25

Confocal Scanning Microscope

Answer 25

Increases optical resolution and contrast by eliminating out of focus light
Enables reconstruction of 3D images
Pros:
very thin optical images of specimen are created

Question 26

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 26

Uses beam of electrons rather than light