Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Forensics > Review Terms-Genetics > Flashcards

Review Terms-Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Trait

A

a genetically determined characteristic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Replication

A

the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transcription

A

he process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Translation

A

the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribose

A

a sugar that has five carbon atoms and five oxygen atoms in each molecule and is part of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Base Pair

A

Two nitrogen-containing bases (or nucleotides) that pair together to form the structure of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autosomal

A

Having to do with any of the 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes found in most human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sex-linked

A

characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Recessive

A

a trait that is not directly shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dominant

A

a trait that you can easily view or observe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Co-dominance

A

a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Double Helix

A

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SNP

A

the most common type of genetic variation among people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RFLP

A

differences (or variations) among people in their DNA sequences at sites recognized by restriction enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
PCR
The polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample
26
Maternal
traits or features passed down from the mothers side of the family
27
Paternal
traits or features passed down from the fathers side of the family
28
Nitrogen Base
nitrogenous compounds that form an important part of the nucleotides
29
Mutation
the changing of the structure of a gene
30
Polymorphisms
A common change in the genetic code in DNA
31
Exons
segments of DNA that are expressed-genes
32
Introns
not expressed as a gene *polymorphisms*
33
Hybridization
the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety
34
Polypeptide
a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
35
Restriction
a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end
36
Electrophoresis
A laboratory technique that uses an electric current to separate substances, such as proteins or nucleic acids
37
Amine
organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms with a lone pair
38
Carboxylic Acid
an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group
39
DNA
The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism
40
RNA
single stranded nucleic acid made up of the sugar ribose instead of the deoxiribose
41
Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
42
Genome
The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism
43
Purine
(adenine and guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases
44
Pyrimidine
(cytosine and thymine) are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases
45
Amino Acid
molecules that combine to form proteins
46
Clone
a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity
47
Eukaryote
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
48
Prokaryote
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
49
Mitochondrial DNA
all from mom, the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria
50
Gamete
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant
51
Zygote
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
52
Nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
53
Trisomy/Monosomy
types of numerical chromosome abnormalities that can cause certain birth defects
54
Meiosis
A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell
55
Mitosis
a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.
56
Protein
large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body; contain only amino acids
57
Helicase
enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes
58
DNA fingerprint
laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals
59
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
p^2 +2pq + q^2=1
60
Class Characteristics
a distinguishing quality, trait, or feature of an individual
61
Epistasis
a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified (e.g., masked, inhibited or suppressed) by the expression of one or more other genes
62
Polygenic
a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes
63
Multiple alleles
the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait
64
Heredity
the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring
65
Anticodon
a three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence
66
Polymerase
enzymes that assist in synthesizing long chains of nucleic acids
67
Helicase
enzymes that are used by living organisms to separate the strands of nucleic acids
68
Ligase
binds DNA together
69
Replication Fork
The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand
70
Hydrogen Bond
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Forensics (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions