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Forensics > Review Terms-Genetics > Flashcards

Review Terms-Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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2
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

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4
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

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5
Q

Trait

A

a genetically determined characteristic.

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6
Q

Nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

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7
Q

Replication

A

the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

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8
Q

Transcription

A

he process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

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9
Q

Translation

A

the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus

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10
Q

Ribose

A

a sugar that has five carbon atoms and five oxygen atoms in each molecule and is part of RNA

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11
Q

Base Pair

A

Two nitrogen-containing bases (or nucleotides) that pair together to form the structure of DNA

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12
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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13
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome

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14
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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15
Q

Haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

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16
Q

Autosomal

A

Having to do with any of the 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes found in most human cells

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17
Q

Sex-linked

A

characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

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18
Q

Recessive

A

a trait that is not directly shown

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19
Q

Dominant

A

a trait that you can easily view or observe

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20
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

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21
Q

Co-dominance

A

a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual

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22
Q

Double Helix

A

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

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23
Q

SNP

A

the most common type of genetic variation among people

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24
Q

RFLP

A

differences (or variations) among people in their DNA sequences at sites recognized by restriction enzymes

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25
Q

PCR

A

The polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample

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26
Q

Maternal

A

traits or features passed down from the mothers side of the family

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27
Q

Paternal

A

traits or features passed down from the fathers side of the family

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28
Q

Nitrogen Base

A

nitrogenous compounds that form an important part of the nucleotides

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29
Q

Mutation

A

the changing of the structure of a gene

30
Q

Polymorphisms

A

A common change in the genetic code in DNA

31
Q

Exons

A

segments of DNA that are expressed-genes

32
Q

Introns

A

not expressed as a gene polymorphisms

33
Q

Hybridization

A

the process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species or variety

34
Q

Polypeptide

A

a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule

35
Q

Restriction

A

a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end

36
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A laboratory technique that uses an electric current to separate substances, such as proteins or nucleic acids

37
Q

Amine

A

organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms with a lone pair

38
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group

39
Q

DNA

A

The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism

40
Q

RNA

A

single stranded nucleic acid made up of the sugar ribose instead of the deoxiribose

41
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

42
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism

43
Q

Purine

A

(adenine and guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring bases

44
Q

Pyrimidine

A

(cytosine and thymine) are one-carbon nitrogen ring bases

45
Q

Amino Acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

46
Q

Clone

A

a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity

47
Q

Eukaryote

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

48
Q

Prokaryote

A

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

49
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

all from mom, the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria

50
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

51
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

52
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

53
Q

Trisomy/Monosomy

A

types of numerical chromosome abnormalities that can cause certain birth defects

54
Q

Meiosis

A

A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell

55
Q

Mitosis

A

a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.

56
Q

Protein

A

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body; contain only amino acids

57
Q

Helicase

A

enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes

58
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals

59
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

p^2 +2pq + q^2=1

60
Q

Class Characteristics

A

a distinguishing quality, trait, or feature of an individual

61
Q

Epistasis

A

a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified (e.g., masked, inhibited or suppressed) by the expression of one or more other genes

62
Q

Polygenic

A

a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes

63
Q

Multiple alleles

A

the alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait

64
Q

Heredity

A

the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring

65
Q

Anticodon

A

a three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence

66
Q

Polymerase

A

enzymes that assist in synthesizing long chains of nucleic acids

67
Q

Helicase

A

enzymes that are used by living organisms to separate the strands of nucleic acids

68
Q

Ligase

A

binds DNA together

69
Q

Replication Fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand

70
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Forensics (2 decks)

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