Review short answers Flashcards
Elaborate Task-artifact cycle with an example
- Human activities - needs, preferences –> design requirements
- Design –> create artifacts
- Users adopt, and appropriate the artifacts –> new possibilities for interaction –> feedback
- revised / changed tasks –> new requirements
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of Human needs?
A theory in psychology proposes that humans have different levels of needs, which must be satisfied in a specific order.
1- Physiological
2- Safety
3- Love/ Belonging
4- Esteem
5- Self-actualization
Give examples of needs for each level in Maslow hierachy
1- breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, excretion
2- security of body/employment/ resources/morality, family/ health/ property
3- friendship, family, sexual intimacy
4- self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
5- morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.
What is utility?
- the ability of a product to reach a certain goal or to perform a certain task
- how useful and relevant is the functionality of the product?
What is usability?
- relates to the question of quality and efficiency
→ how well does a product support the users to reach their goal or perform a certain task?
Jakob Nielsen’s definition of Usability
Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. The word ‘usability’ also refers to methods for improving ease of use during the design process.”
What are the five quality components of usability?
- Learnability
- Efficiency
- Memorability
- Errors
- Satisfaction
What is likability?
the degree to which users enjoy using the product.
E.g. relate to aesthetics, pleasing, enjoyable to use,
and meets users’ emotional needs as well as their functional needs.
What is more important /relevant utility or usability?
- Utility is essential.
- Usability is important to user experience.
–> improving usability –> e.g.
Increase productivity of users
Reduce costs (support, efficiency)
Increase sales/revenue (web shop)
Enhance customer loyalty
Win new customers
Increase productivity of users
Reduce costs (support, efficiency)
Increase sales/revenue (web shop)
Enhance customer loyalty
Win new customers
Name at least 3 inventions of HCI History
Inventing interactive computing – Ivan Sutherland
-Sketchpad
-3D Head mounted display (1965 – 1970)
Inventing Interactive Technologies – Douglas Engelbart
- Mouse (1964)
- “Hi-res” vidoe conferencing, shared applications, window-concept (1968)
Describe the Model Human Processor.
-Simplified view of the human processing involved in interacting with computer systems.
-The model comprises 3 subsystems
+ Perceptual system
+ motor system
+ cognitive system
- Each subsystem has its own processor and memory and includes a number of principles of operation that dictate the behavior of the systems under certain conditions.
What is Wickens model?
4 - Dimensional Multiple Resource Model
- Four important dimensions explain the variance in time-sharing performance
+Processing stages
+Perceptual modalities
+Visual Channels
+Processing codes
- Each dimension has two discrete ‘levels’ (spatial, verbal)
what are the 2 main theories of forgetting? / 2 factors that affect forgetting
- Decay: info is lost gradually, slowly
- Interference:
+ retroactive interference: new info replaces old ones
+ proactive inhibition: old one interferes with the new one
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
- Recall: Information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues,
e.g., categories, imagery - Recognition: Information gives knowledge that has been seen before
— Less complex than recall - information is the cue
Name the important factors for interpreting a visual signal.
Size and depth
Brightness
Color
Name the two parts of visual information processing.
- Cognition describes the “Understanding” in the brain.
- Perception describes the sensors (receptors) and signal processing happening in the eyes and in the brain
List all the Gestalt laws
Law of Similarity
Law of Proximity
Law of Continuity
Law of Closure
Law of Pragnanz
Law of common fate
Law of Symmetry
Law of Similarity
Items that are similar tend to be grouped together
Law of Proximity
Objects near each other tend to be grouped together
Law of Continuity
Law of Closure
Objects grouped together are seen as a whole
Law of Pragnanz
Reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible
Law of common fate
Elements with the same moving directions are perceived as a collective or unit
Law of Symmetry
Symmetrical images are perceived collectively, even in spite of the distance
What is change blindness?
- a phenomenon in perception
- describes that even large changes in a scene are not noticed.
- short distractions caused by
+Mud splashes,
+brief flicker
+or cover boxes.
What are the 2 main types of eye movements that occur during reading? What are their roles?
- Saccade –> find, recognize word by word
- Fixation –> perception of words
How do factors such as word shape, length, font size, and line spacing influence the frequency and duration of fixations during reading?
- Longer words
Irregular spelling
→ longer fixations for processing - Smaller font sizes
Tighter line spacing
→ increase the frequency of fixations - Capitalized words
→ decrease reading speed - the order of the letters in a word is not too important to read and understand a text.
What causes spatial hearing? / How do we locate the sound source?
Interaural time difference (ITD)
Interaural intensity difference (IID)
Head-related transfer functions (HRTF)
ITD: describes the time difference of the sound on arrival at the different ears.
IID: describes the sound pressure difference on arrival at the different ears.
HRTF: describes how the head changes the sound because of masking.
What is Affordance Theory about?
Affordance is the perceived possibility for action
Affordance Theory:
- Objective properties that imply action possibilities (how we can use things) independent of the individual (Gibson)
- Perceived Affordance includes the experience of an individual (Norman)
What are the 3 principles to support Usability by Dix et al.?
— Principle 1: Learnability
— Principle 2: Flexibility
— Principle 3: Robustness
What are the 3 principles for UI-Design by Dix et al.?
— Principle 1: Recognize User Diversity
— Principle 2: Follow the Eight Golden Rules
— Principle 3: Prevent Errors
What are the 8 Golden Rules?
strive for consistency,
enable frequent users to use shortcuts,
provide informative feedback,
design dialogs to yield closure,
offer simple error handling,
permit easy reversal of actions,
support internal locus of control,
and reduce short-term memory load.
What are the 2 main types of errors users can make?
Slips
Mistakes
Slips: intend one but end up doing another (often similar)
Mistakes: inappropriate goals for the current problem /task –> result in an error
What are the types of Slips users can make?
Capture errors
Description errors
Data driven errors
Associate action errors
Loss-of-activation errors ~ forgetting
Mode errors
