Review questions from WS Flashcards
What respiratory problem can a decreased calcium level cause?
Laryngospasm and bronchospasm
What problem from a decrease in Cl can manifest.
Metabolic alkalosis; can cause slow respirations and shallow breathing; arrhythmias, and respiratory arrest
Increased Cl can cause _______. This may lead to ____ and _____ breathing pattern.
Metabolic acidosis; tachypnea and Kussmaul breathing
An increase in this electrolyte may cause muscle weakness which can include respiratory muscle weakness.
Mg
An decrease in these electrolytes may lead to muscle weakness which would affect respiratorymuscles.
K, P
A decrease in phosphorous may lead to decreased contracting which can cause _____.
cyanosis
T or F; Increased or decreased levels of K can cause muscle weakness.
True
A respiratory side effect of hypernatremia is____.
dyspnea
If you hear moist crackles this could be a sign of _____.
Fluid overload; overhydration, possible pulmonary edema
Hyperventilation may be a sign of ________ ______ or too much of this electrolyte?
Respiratory alkalosis (with or without metabolic acidosis) Hyperchloremia
Hypoventilation may be a sign of imbalance of which two electrolytes?
Hypokalemia (too little K)
HyperMg
Also respiratory acidosis with or without metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul’s breathing is often seen with _____ ______.
Metabolic acidosis
Dyspnea may be seen with ______.
hypervolemia, fluid volume excess or overhydration
When assessing skin if it is cold or clammy you might suspect _______. If you see cold skin with poor skin turgor you might suspect ________. Warm moist skin may indicate ______. While flushed skin is a sign of too little of this electrolyte?
Hyponatremia
Dehydration, or fluid volume deficit
Overhydration, too much fluid
Mg
How does cirrhosis of the liver affect electrolyte balance?
Fluid volume excess; Hypokalemia due to too much aldosterone
Respiratory alkalosis: most common acid base disorder with cirrhosis of liver
Can treat with potassium sparing diuretic
How does CHF affect electrolytes?
Fluid volume excess is most common imbalance with CHF; causes low CO; peripheral edema often accompanies
Metabolic acidosis: poor tissue perfusion due to low cardiac output
Diabetes insipidus effects electrolyte & fluid balance how?
Fluid volume deficit due to inadequate amts of ADH
Hypernatremia as water excreted in excess
Diabetic ketoacidosis affects fluid & electrolytes how?
Fluid volume deficit Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis: secondary to met acidosis as compensatory mechanism
Renal failure in patients with oliguria or anuria may lead to these imbalances:
Hypernatremia Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia Hypermagneseia Hypervolemia Hypocalcemia Metabolic acidosis So increased Na, K, P, Mg & fluid & decreased Ca
SIADH can lead to what imbalances?
Hyponatremia
Fluid volume excess
treat with restricting water intake and giving diuretic
Which type of solution raises serum osmolarity and pulls fluids and electrolytes from the intracellular and interstitial compartments into the intravascular compartments? A. Isotonic B. Hypertonic C. Electrotonic D. Hypotonic
B. Hypertonic
Raises serum osmolarity
Pulls fluids from Icf and interstitial to intravascular
The sodium potassium pump is an example of: A. diffusion B. active transport C. osmosis D. passive transport
B. active transport
Which of the following is a cation? A. chloride B. phosphorus C. glucose D. sodium
D. sodium
Osmosis is:
A. movement of solutes from area of higher concentration to lower one
B. Movement of water and some solutes with hydrostatic pressure through cell membranes
C. movement of solutes from an area of lower concentration to higher one using energy
D. movement of solutes from an area of lower solute concentration to higher one using energy
E. movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher one
E.
Which of the following hormones is secreted when extracellular fluid osmolarity increses? A. ADH B. Renin C. Aldosterone D. Angiotensin I
A. ADH
When fluid osmolarity increases in ECF then ADH is secreted
The nurse documents that a patient is oliguric. Oligura is defined as:
A. A urine output of greater than 1500 in 24 hrs
B. No urine output in 24 hrs
C. A urine output less than 75 ml in 24 hrs
D. A urine output less than 500 ml in 24 hrs
D. Urine output less than 500 ml in 24 hrs is oliguria
low
The patient's K level is 5.0; this is interpreted as: a: hypokalemia B. hyperkalemia C. normal value D. Hyponatremia
C. Normal value:
normal is 3.5 - 5.0
Which statement accurately describes one of the sodium’s functions?
A. maintains osmotic pressure and intracellular fluid concentration
B. maintains osmotic pressure and ECF concentration
C. Regulates renal function
D. is essential for digestion.
B.
How does PTH help maintain calcium homeostasis?
A. it mobilizes Ca from bone
B. it raises serum phosphorous level, increasing serum Ca
C. It decreases renal tubular reabsorption of Ca
D. promotes mg excretion via kidneys
A. mobilizes Ca from bone
Which of the following is a major extracellular buffer system? A. phosphate buffer system B. Carbonic acid bicarb C. protein buffer system D. lungs
B. carbonic acid-bicarb buffer system
A patient is receiving an IV solution of D5W and lactated ringer's solution at 125 ml/hour to treat fluid volume deficit. Which of these signs indicates need for additional IV fluids? A. Serum Na level of 135 mEq/L B. Temp of 99.6 F C. Neck vein distention D. Dark, amber urine
D.
A patient with shock due to hemorrhage has these vitals; temp 97.6, pulse 140, respirations 28; BP 60/30; for this patient what should the physician order be?
A. Monitor urine output every hour
B. Infuse IV fluids at 83 ml/hr
C. administer O2 by nasal cannula at 3lpm
D. Draw specimens for Hgb & Hct every 6 hours
B. Infuse IV fluids at 83ml/hr
