review questions and answers Flashcards
1) The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
Tunica Media
2) Compared to arteries, veins
.have thinner walls
3) Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit.
.elastic arteries, muscular arteries,venules,med. veins, large veins
4) Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
.
5) Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
.
6) Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the
.precapillary sphincter
7) Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except
.
8) Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the
.
9) As blood travels from arteries to veins,
.pressure drops
10) Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
.arterioles dilate
11) Blood pressure is determined by
.estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an extended pressure cuff.
12) Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased
.parasympathetic innervation
13) The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
.pulse
14) When will the blood pressure be greater?
.
15) Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
.The net filteration is usually zero
16) When renin is released from the kidney
.anglotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.
17) Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except
.The release of renin
18) Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except
.increased levels of ANP ( atrial natriurentic peptide)
19) Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except
.increased hematocrit
20) Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexly results in
.increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system
21) A sample of John’s blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
.running a fever
22) Specific defenses depend on the activities of
.lymphocytes
23) In response to hemorrhage, there is
.mobilization of the venous reserve
24) The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is:
.epinephrine
25) Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except
.inhibition of eposecretion
26) Elderly individuals are more prone than are younger individuals to have all of the following, except
.increased elasticity of vessel walls
27) Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
.salt and water loss through the kidneys
28) The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the
.arterioles
29) The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the
.capillary hydrostatic pressure
30) Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
.blood viscosity, vessel diameter,turbulence, vascular resistance
31) To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
.accelerates reabsorption of water at kidneys, experiences a recall of interstrtial fluids, experiences an increase in blood colloidal osmotic pressure, increases water intake.
32) ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body’s long-term compensation for
.a serious hemorrhage
33) You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in
.the pituitary
34) 122) If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
.doubled
35) In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
.
36) In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
.a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter & 2 meters long
37) Which of the following changes doesn’t occur during exercise compared to rest?
.skin blood flow is lower (doesn’t occur)
38) Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except
.increased sympathetic stimulation vasodilation
39) Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except
.increased blood concentration of glucose
40) In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
.passive immunization
41) Turbulent blood flow occurs
.when there are irregularities in the vessel wall, at high flow rates and when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter.
42) If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
.100
43) Edema is favored when A) endothelial permeability goes up. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated
.The plasma concentration of protein is reduced, endothelial permeability goes up, and capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated.
44) 120) Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following?
.high cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking, obesity
45) When a person rises quickly from a sitting position,
.the carotid baroreceptors become less active, venous return is decreased, reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occur, heat rate is reflexly elevated
46) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells
.
47) Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following, except a(n)
.
48) The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except
.
49) The lymphoid system does all of the following, except that it A) helps maintain normal blood volume.
.transports gases to and away from lymph nodes
50) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
.thoracic duct
51) The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the
.right breast
52) In general, lymphocytes
.spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue and have long life spans.
53) Lymphocytes
.respond to antigens
54)________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
.tonsils
55)________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
.peyer’s patches
56) The term lymphadenopathy refers to
.A chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
57) Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? A) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not
.they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not
58) The body’s nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except
.antibodies
59) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, excep
.complement
60) An inflammatory response is triggered when
.mast cells release histavnine and heparin
61) The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would
.produce a fever
62) 124) Which of the following is greater?
.
63) Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
.
64) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
.phagocytes
65) Microphages include
.both neutrophils and eosinophils
66) The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except
.inhibition of the immune response
67) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
.innate
68) Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
.naturally acquired active
69) Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity
.naturally acquired passive
70) In passive immunization, the
.either body receives antibodies produced by other humans or body receives antibodies produces by an animal
71) The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
.plasma
72) The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
.cytotoxic T
73)The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
.
74) Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.
.helper T
75) Suppressor T cells act to
.inhibit T & B cell activity
76) The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
.NK
77) B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
.helper T cells
78) The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is found in the
.Spleen
79) A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery.
.blood clots, masses of fat, air bubbles, circulating objects in the blood.
80) During exercise A) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. B) venous return increases.
.both cardiacoitput and stroke volume increase/ venous return increases
81) In comparing a trained athlete to a nonathlete, which of these comparisons is false? A) The athlete has a higher exercise cardiac output.
.both hearts weigh about the same
82) Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
.cytotoxic T
83) The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) heavy-chain constant segments.
.heavy-chain constant segments
84) Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
.igG
85) Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
.igE
86) Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
.igM
87) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are
.igA
88) The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to A) process antigens. B) display antigen fragments
.activate t cells display antigen fragments process antigens bind antigens to glycoproteins
89) When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
.cytotoxic t
90) Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following
.lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
91) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
.helper t
92) B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
.helper t cells
93) Helper T cells do all of the following,
.provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen
94) The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response.
.antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage
tcells with specific receptors recognize the antigen
several cycles of mitosis occur
tcells differentiate into cytotoxic t cells or t memory cells
release perforrin and or lymphotoxin
95) During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except
.neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
96) All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it
.it is delayed by the memory cell stage
97) All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that it
.quickly b/c memory bcells only survive for a year or two
98) Newborns gain their immunity initially from
.antibodies passed across the placenta from mother
99) The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are
.IgG
100) Autoantibodies
.are directed against the bodys own antigens
101) Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by
.inhibiting glucocorticoid release
102) Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include
.tcells becoming less responsive to antigens, fewer cytotoxic tcells responding to infections, decreased #’s of thelper cells, Bcells less responsive
103) Which of the following interleukins stimulates T cells to produce IL-2, promotes inflammation, and causes fever?
.IL- 1
104) Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only
.in antigen- presenting cells and lymphocytes
105) During a primary immune response, the
.lgM filter is initially higher than the igG filter
106) Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
.the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes
107) Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons?
.secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
108) In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
.was recently infected with mumps
109) In an experiment, Roger injects mice with interleukin-2 (IL-2). After 3 days he examines the blood and lymph for changes. What would you expect to observe following this treatment?
.increased number of tcells
110) Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation?
.blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen blood flow changes to match tissue responses changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure, blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients
111) Elderly individuals usually have
.increased elasticity of vessel walls
112) Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers?
.tunica externa
113) Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel?
.arteriole
114) Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery?
.stroke
115) Arteriosclerosis can lead to
.hypertension stroke coronary artery disease myocardial infarction
116) Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to
.arterial pressure
117) Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
.reduces; increases
118) Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased
.salt and water loss through the kidneys
119) The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions?
.ALL of above
