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Physiology 2 Exam 1 - KCUMB > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of myopia?

A. Ciliary muscles are contracted.
B. All distant objects can be seen clearly.
C. The lens system is too weak.
D. The eyeball is too long.

A

D. The eyeball is too long.

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2
Q

Q: Which of the following represents the major relay center for most afferent (sensory) pathways to the cerebral cortex? When connections between this relay center and the cortex are cut, the functions of the corresponding cortical areas become almost entirely lost.

A. Thalamus
B. Basal nuclei
C. Nucleus ruber
D. Reticular formation

A

A. Thalamus

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3
Q

Q: Reissner’s membrane separates which of the following pairs of chambers?

A. Scala tympani/scala media
B. Scala vestibuli/scala media
C. Scala tympani/scala vestibule
D. None of the above

A

B. Scala vestibuli/scala media

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4
Q

Q: Which of the following is one of the major functions of the thalamus?

A. Control large skeletal muscle movement
B. Initiate cognitive processes
C. Relay all sensory information, except smell, to the cerebral cortex
D. Connect the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

C. Relay all sensory information, except smell, to the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Q: Decussation of the auditory pathways occurs in all of the places listed below except…?

A. Trapezoid body
B. Lateral lemniscal nuclei
C. Commissure connecting the inferior colliculi
D. Thalamus

A

D. Thalamus

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6
Q

Q: Which of the following nerve actions would be least affected in an individual with Arnold Chiari defect?

A. Hearing
B. Movement of the tongue
C. Movement of eye upward
D. Facial expression

A

C. Movement of eye upward

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7
Q

Q: Cell bodies of alpha motor neurons are located in which of the following areas of the spinal cord?

A. Dorsal (posterior) horns
B. Ventral (anterior) horns
C. Dorsal root ganglia
D. Substantia gelatinosa
E. Paravertebral ganglia
A

B. Ventral (anterior) horns

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8
Q

Q: How much of the signal allowed to pass to the visual cortex (gating control) is determined by which of the following?

[Which of the following determines how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the visual cortex (gating control)?]

A. Amacrine cells
B. Ganglion cells
C. Lateral geniculate nucleus
D. Interplexiform cells
E. Color blobs in the visual cortex
A

C. Lateral geniculate nucleus

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9
Q

Q: Which of the following areas is almost completely insensitive to visceral pain?

A. Ureter
B. Bile dict
C. Liver parenchyma
D. Parietal pleura

A

C. Liver parenchyma

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10
Q

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of layers III-VI of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A. They constitute the magnocellular region of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
B. They are associated with accurate point-to-point transmission.
C. Almost all their input is via X type ganglion cells.
D. They transmit color.

A

A. They constitute the magnocellular region of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

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11
Q

Q: Which of the following principles states that the nervous system detects sound frequencies by determining positions along the basilar membrane that are most stimulated?

A. Attenuation reflex
B. Impedance matching
C. Principle of Corti
D. Place principle

A

D. Place principle

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12
Q

Q: Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex?

A. Lateral sulcus
B. Central sulcus
C. insula
D. Angular gyrus

A

B. Central sulcus

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13
Q

Q: Which of the following characteristics would be true of tonic receptors but not phasic receptors?

A. Slow adapting
B. Do not transmit a continuous signal
C. Stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
D. Transmit information regarding rate of change

A

A. Slow adapting

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14
Q

Q: Which of the following characterizes fast pain?

A. It begins about 1 second after the stimulus is applied
B. It is carried by Aδ fibers
C. It can be elicited by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli.
D. Fibers carrying fast pain terminate in the substantia gelatinosa

A

B. It is carried by Aδ fibers

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15
Q

Q: Which of the following functions as the major area for language comprehension?

A. Broca’s area
B. Medial geniculate nucleus
C. Thalamus
D. Wernicke’s area

A

D. Wernicke’s area

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16
Q

Q: An eyeball that is too long will cause the light rays coming from distant objects to be focused in front of the retina. This condition is referred to as which of the following?

A. Emmetropia
B. Hyperopia
C. Myopia
D. Astigmatism
E. Presbytropia
A

C. Myopia

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17
Q

Q: The endotrochlear potential of +80 mv is largely due to which of the following factors?

A. High concentration of potassium in the endolymph
B. High concentration of sodium in the endolymph
C. High concentration of potassium in the perilymph
D. Low concentration of sodium in the perilymph

A

A. High concentration of potassium in the endolymph

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18
Q

Q: In typical sensory pathways, tertiary (third order) neurons typically terminate in which of the following areas?

A. Somatosensory cortex
B. Reticular formation
C. Basal nuclei
D. Thalamus

A

A. Somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

Q: Many drugs are known to increase the excitability of neurons reducing the threshold for excitation of the neuron, while others are known to decrease excitability. Which of the following is one of the best known agents for increasing excitability by inhibiting the action of some normally inhibitory transmitter substances?

A. Caffeine
B. Theophylline
C. Theobromine
D. Strychnine

A

D. Strychnine

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20
Q

Q: Which is the correct conduction pathway sequence in the middle ear?

A. Tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window
B. Tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – round window
C. Tympanic membrane – malleus – stapes – incus – round window
D. Tympanic window – incus – malleus – stapes – oval window

A

A. Tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window

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21
Q

Q: Which of the following is one of the major components of the analgesia system?

A. Periaquaductal gray
B. Locus ceruleus
C. Nucleus ruber
D. Thalamus

A

A. Periaquaductal gray

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22
Q

Q: Which of the following statements regarding ion flow through rod membranes in the dark is FALSE?

A. The outer rod segment is leaky to sodium ions
B. The inner rod segment continually pumps sodium ions to the outside.
C. The inner rod segment is leaky to potassium ions
D. cGMP gated channels are open in the outer rod segment
E. The inside of the rod membrane has a potential of -70 mV.

A

E. The inside of the rod membrane has a potential of -70 mV.

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23
Q

Q: The impingement of photons on a rod cell in the retina will cause rhodopsin to dissociate into which of the following?

A. Scotopsin and 11-cis retinal
B. Scotopsin and 11-cis retinol
C. Scotopsin and all-trans retinal
D. Iodopsin and 11-cis retinol

A

C. Scotopsin and all-trans retinal

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24
Q

Q: Spatial summation increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater numbers of fibers.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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25
Q

Q: An eyeball that is too short will cause the light rays coming from distant objects to be focused behind the retina. This condition is referred to as which of the following?

A. Emmetropia
B. Hyperopia
C. Myopia
D. Astigmatism
E. Presbytropia
A

B. Hyperopia

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26
Q

Q: A memory system that has been discovered in the sea snail Aplysia includes a facilitator terminal synapsing with a sensory neuron. If a noxious stimulus excites the facilitator terminal causes the memory pathway through the sensory terminal to become facilitated for a period of time. The neurotransmitter released by the facilitator terminal is which of the following?

A. Acetylcholine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Serotonin
D. Dopamine

A

C. Serotonin

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27
Q

Q: Which of the following separates the scala media from the scala vestibule, thereby maintaining a special fluid within the scala media?

A. Tectorial membrane
B. Reissner’s membrane
C. Stria vascularis
D. Organ of Corti

A

B. Reissner’s membrane

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28
Q

Q: Sensory information entering the central nervous system typically decussates (crosses over) at some point in the spinal cord or brain. For visual information, this decussation occurs in the optic chiasma. How much decussation occurs in the optic chiasma?

A. 25 percent
B. 50 percent
C. 75 percent
D. 100 percent

A

B. 50 percent

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29
Q

Q: Which of the following characteristics refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation?

A. Differential sensitivity
B. Modality
C. Labeled line principle
D. Adaption threshold

A

C. Labeled line principle

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30
Q

Q: Which of the following pathways carries conscious perception rather than unconscious perception?

A. Medial lemniscal
B. Spinocerebellar
C. Spino-olivary
D. Spinotectal

A

A. Medial lemniscal

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31
Q

Q: What is the maximum visual acuity of the human eye for a two-point source of light?

A. 1 nm
B. 2 μm
C. 10 mm
D. 20 cm

A

B. 2 μm

32
Q

Q: Which of the following is a measure of how much a lens bends light waves and is equal to 1 meter divided by the focal length of the lens?

A. Refractive index
B. Visual acuity
C. Refractive power
D. Depth of focus

A

C. Refractive power

33
Q

Q: In children the refractive power of the lens can be voluntarily increased from 20 to 34 diopters (an accommodation of 14 diopters). In a person of 70 years of age, accommodation is reduced to which of the following levels?

A. 0
B. 15
C. 20
D. 27

A

A. 0

34
Q

Q: Thermal sensations are carried in pathways that parallel which of the following pathways?

A. Pain
B. 2-point sensation
C. Vibration
D. Crude touch

A

A. Pain

35
Q

Q: The tensor tympani and stapedius muscles attach to the malleus and stapedius respectively. Which of the following represents the function of these two muscles?

A. Attenuation reflex
B. Impedance matching
C. Creation of “traveling wave”
D. Creation of endocochlear potential

A

A. Attenuation reflex

36
Q

Q: Which of the following characteristics of dendrites is responsible for decremental conduction?

A. Lack of myelination
B. Relatively short length
C. Leakage of potassium ions
D. Leakage of sodium ions

A

C. Leakage of potassium ions

37
Q

Q: Which of the following sequences represents the correct order of structures involved in the pathway for the transmission of auditory information?

A. Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei; Superior olivary nucleus; Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus); Auditory cortex
B. Lateral lemniscus’ nucleus; Superior olivary nucleus; Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei; Auditory cortex
C. Medial geniculate nucleus; Lateral lemniscus’ nucleus; Superior olivary nucleus; Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
D. Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei; Superior olivary nucleus; Auditory cortex; Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

A

A. Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei; Superior olivary nucleus; Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus); Auditory cortex

38
Q

Q: Which of the following association areas plays the greatest single role of any part of the cerebral cortex for intelligence?

A. Broca’s area
B. Postcentral gyrus
C. Precentral gyrus
D. Wernicke’s area

A

D. Wernicke’s area

39
Q

Q: Damage to which of the following cortical areas would impair transmission of information from the visual cortex to the area where comprehension of the printed word occurs?

A. Supplemental visual cortex
B. Wernicke’s area
C. Angular gyrus
D. Broca’s area
E. Limbic association area
A

C. Angular gyrus

40
Q

Q: The total refractive power of the human eye is about which of the following?

A. 10 diopters
B. 25 diopters
C. 40 diopters
D. 60 diopters

A

D. 60 diopters

41
Q

Q: The superior colliculi for visual reflexes and the inferior colliculi for auditory and olfactory reflexes are located in the tectum (roof) of which of the following subdivisions of the brain?

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon
A

C. Mesencephalon

42
Q

Q: In the neuronal pool, which of the following terms refers to all the output fibers that are stimulated by an incoming fiber?

A. Facilitated zone
B. Inhibition zone
C. Discharge zone
D. Converging zone

A

C. Discharge zone

43
Q

Q: Critical types of tactile signals, such as two-point discrimination, are transmitted through which of the following?

A. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
B. Spinoreticular pathway
C. Pyramidal pathway
D. Spinothalamic pathway

A

A. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

44
Q

Q: Which of the following is the neurotransmitter used by many areas of the cerebral cortex and is always excitatory?

A. Serotonin
B. Glutamate
C. Dopamine
D. GABA
E. Glycine
A

B. Glutamate

45
Q

Q: The cerebral cortex has been mapped and divided into specific areas known as Brodmann’s areas. The sensory cortex is associated with which of the following Brodmann’s areas?

A. 1, 2, 3
B. 4
C. 7A, 40
D. 44

A

A. 1, 2, 3

46
Q

Q: In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at what level?

A. Primary (first order) neurons
B. Secondary (second order) neurons
C. Tertiary (third order) neurons
D. None of the above

A

B. Secondary (second order) neurons

47
Q

Q: In the slow-chronic paleospinothalamic pathway a small number of fibers pass all the way to the thalamus, but most fibers terminate where?

A. In the somatosensory cortex
B. In the basal nuclei
C. In the reticular formation
D. In the ventrobasal nuclei

A

C. In the reticular formation

48
Q

Q: Axons of which of the following cells make up the optic nerve?

A. Bipolar cells
B. Amacrine cells
C. Interplexiform cells
D. Ganglion cells
E. Rod and cone cells
A

D. Ganglion cells

49
Q

Q: Collaterals from the auditory tracts activate the entire nervous system in response to loud noises. Where would you expect these collaterals to terminate?

A. Cerebral cortex
B. Thalamus
C. Red nucleus
D. Reticular activating system

A

D. Reticular activating system

50
Q

Q: The Pacinian corpuscle is a specialized pressure receptor built around the axon of a sensory neuron. Local potentials are created when layers around the sensory nerve ending are deformed as a result of the application of pressure to the skin. Where in the transmission pathway are these local potentials converted to an axon potential?

A. Axon hillock
B. Cell body of the neuron
C. First node of Ranvier
D. Within the capsule surrounding the end of the neuron

A

C. First node of Ranvier

51
Q

Q: Which of the following is not a necessary component of a synapse?

A. Presynaptic membrane
B. Postsynaptic membrane
C. Synaptic cleft
D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of “X” ganglion cells?

A. They have the smallest axion diameters of all the ganglion cells.
B. They have broad fields in the peripheral retina.
C. They make up approximately 5 percent of all the ganglion cells.
D. They are probably responsible for all color vision.

A

D. They are probably responsible for all color vision.

53
Q

Q: Synaptic delay refers to the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron. It depends on a number of factors. Which of the following would NOT be associated with synaptic delay?

A. Time it takes to release the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron.
B. Time it takes for the neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
C. Time it takes to “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next one.
D. Time it takes for the receptor to increase membrane permeability.

A

C. Time it takes to “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next one.

54
Q

Q: The thalamus is derived from which of the following brain divisions?

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon
A

B. Diencephalon

55
Q

Q: Stereocilia (hairs) of the auditory hair cells are embedded in which of the following?

A. Reissner’s membrane
B. Basilar membrane
C. Tectorial membrane
D. Reticular lamina

A

C. Tectorial membrane

56
Q

Q: In addition to the stimuli that elicit fast pain, slow pain can also be elicited by which of the following kinds of stimuli?

A. Mechanical
B. Thermal
C. Pressure
D. Chemical

A

D. Chemical

57
Q

Q: Most output neurons from the cerebral cortex originate from which of the following cortical layers?

A. I and II
B. II and III
C. III and IV
D. IV and V
E. V and VI
A

E. V and VI

58
Q

Q: Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A. All motor functions are blocked on the side of the transection below the level of transection.
B. Sensations of pain, heat, and cold are lost on the side of the transection below the level of transection.
C. Two-point discrimination sensations are lost on the side of the transection below the level of transection.
D. All of the above are characteristic of the Brown-Sequard syndrome.

A

B. Sensations of pain, heat, and cold are lost on the side of the transection below the level of transection.

59
Q

Q: Which of the following descriptions best describes the hair fibers arranged along the basilar membrane from the oval window to the apex of the cochlea?

A. Length of fibers increases from the oval window to the apex and diameter of the fibers decreases from the oval window to the apex.
B. Length of fibers decreases from the oval window to the apex and diameter of the fibers increases from the oval window to the apex.
C. Both length and diameter of the fibers increases from the oval window to the apex.
D. Both length and diameter of the fibers decreases from the oval window to the apex.

A

A. Length of fibers increases from the oval window to the apex and diameter of the fibers decreases from the oval window to the apex.

60
Q

Q: Lesions (damage) to which of the following pathways would affect the transmission of temperature stimuli?

A. Lateral spinothalamic pathway
B. Anterior spinothalamic pathway
C. Dorsal column pathway
D. Fasciculus cuneatus pathway
E. Fasciculus gracilis pathway
A

A. Lateral spinothalamic pathway

61
Q

Q: The corpus callosum is the major commissure between the two cerebral hemispheres. Cutting the corpus callosum would result in which of the following deficits?

A. Loss of 2-point discrimination from the right side of the brain into Wernicke’s area
B. Loss of transfer of visual info from the right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area
C. Loss of transfer of visual info from the left hemisphere into Wernicke’s area
D. Loss of pain sensation from the right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area

A

B. Loss of transfer of visual info from the right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area

62
Q

Q: Neurons in the cerebral cortex are generally grouped into several classes. Which of the following class of neurons is characterized by short axons and functions as interneurons, utilizing either glutamate (excitatory) or GABA (inhibitory) as their neurotransmitter?

A. Purkinje cells
B. Granular cells
C. Fusiform cells
D. Pyramidal cells

A

B. Granular cells

63
Q

Q: The nucleus ruber (‘red nucleus”) in the mesencephalon would best be characterized by which of the following descriptions?

A. A collection of myelinated axons in the midbrain
B. A collection of myelinated dendrites in the midbrain
C. A collection of cell bodies and dendrites in the midbrain
D. A collection of unmyelinated axons in the midbrain

A

C. A collection of cell bodies and dendrites in the midbrain

64
Q

Q: Which of the following cell types respond to rapid changes in the visual image?

A. Bipolar cells
B. Amacrine cells
C. X type ganglion cells
D. Y type ganglion cells
E. Z type ganglion cells
A

D. Y type ganglion cells

65
Q

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of the analgesia system?

A. Periaqueductal gray
B. Raphe magnus nucleus
C. Nucleus ruber
D. All of the above are components of the analgesia system

A

C. Nucleus ruber

66
Q

Q: Although a small number of fibers in the slow-chronic paleospinothalamic pathway pass all the way to the thalamus, most fibers terminate in which of the following areas?

A. Somatosensory cortex
B. Basal nuclei
C. Reticular formation
D. Ventrobasal nuclei

A

C. Reticular formation

67
Q

Q: The primary visual cortex is made up of how many layers?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 12

A

B. 6

68
Q

Q: In the rods, cGMP sodium gates are closed when phosphodiesterase is activated by which of the following?

A. Transducin
B. Metarhodopsin
C. Scotopsin
D. 11-cis retinol
E. All-trans retinol
A

A. Transducin

69
Q

Q: Which of the brain’s cerebral lobes is responsible for interpreting olfactory and auditory sensations?

A. Occipital lobe
B. Frontal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Temporal lobe

A

D. Temporal lobe

70
Q

Q: In most individuals the left cerebral hemisphere is considered dominant. Which of the following areas in the left hemisphere does not display dominance in either hemisphere?

A. Wernicke’s area
B. Primary sensory cortex
C. Broca’s area
D. Angular gyrus

A

B. Primary sensory cortex

71
Q

Q: Transmission in the foveal region of the retina can be grouped into two different categories: three-neuron and four-neuron. Both types of pathways share the same types of neurons. The four-neuron pathway differs from the three-neuron pathway because it also utilizes which of the following types of neurons?

A. Cones
B. Bipolar cells
C. Ganglion cells
D. Amacrine cells

A

D. Amacrine cells

72
Q

Q: In which of the following forms of spina bifida are only meninges found in the sac?

A. Occulta
B. Meningocele
C. Meningomyelocele
D. Myeloschisis

A

B. Meningocele

73
Q

Q: Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for signaling by alpha motor neurons?

A. Acetylcholine
B. Dopamine
C. Glycine
D. Glutamate

A

A. Acetylcholine

74
Q

Which interneurons are responsible for inhibition of antagonistic muscle groups?

A. Renshaw cells
B. Ia inhibitory interneurons
C. Ib inhibitory interneurons
D. Gamma motor neurons

A

B. Ia inhibitory interneurons

75
Q

Electrotonic conduction is utilized predominantly by the:

A. Axon
B. Dendrite
C. Axon hillock
D. Synapse

A

B. Dendrite

76
Q

Sensory group III afferent neurons send signals to which neurons that relay signals to both ipsilateral and contralateral muscles?

A. Renshaw cells
B. Gamma motor neurons
C. Alpha motor neurons
D. Excitatory interneurons

A

D. Excitatory interneurons

77
Q

Collaterals from the auditory tracts activate the entire nervous system in response to loud noises. Where would you expect these collaterals to terminate?

A. Cerebral cortex
B. Thalamus
C. Red nucleus
D. Reticular activating system

A

D. Reticular activating system

Physiology 2 Exam 1 - KCUMB (1 decks)

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