Review Questions Flashcards
Researchers wish to utilize a case‐control study design to investigate a possible association between HPV infection and cervical cancer. Researchers randomly selected 100 patients with newly‐diagnosed cervical cancer and 200 patients without this cancer. Of the cancer patients, 57 were negative and 43 were positive for any oral HPV infection. Of the controls, 185 were negative and 15 were positive for any oral HPV infection. What is the odds of HPV infection in those without cervical cancer? A. 0.08 B. 0.24 C. 0.75 D. 0.04 E. 2.30
A. 0.08
Researchers wish to utilize a case‐control study design to investigate a possible association between HPV infection and cervical cancer. Researchers randomly selected 100 patients with newly‐diagnosed cervical cancer and 200 patients without this cancer. Of the cancer patients, 57 were negative and 43 were positive for any oral HPV infection. Of the controls, 185 were negative and 15 were positive for any oral HPV infection. What is the odds ratio? A. 0.11 B. 2.24 C. 3.75 D. 6.04 E. 9.30
E. 9.30
Researchers wish to utilize a case‐control study design to investigate a possible association between HPV infection and cervical cancer. Researchers randomly selected 100 patients with newly‐diagnosed cervical cancer and 200 patients without this cancer. Of the cancer patients, 57 were negative and 43 were positive for any oral HPV infection. Of the controls, 185 were negative and 15 were positive for any oral HPV infection. Interpret the odds ratio (OR=9.30)?
A. Those with HPV infection were 9.3 times less at risk to have cervical cancer compared to those without HPV infection.
B. Compared to those with cervical cancer, patients without cervical cancer were 9.3 times more likely to have had an HPV infection compared to those without and HPV infection.
C. Those with cervical cancer were 9.3 times less likely to have had an HPV infection compared to those without cervical cancer.
D. Those with cervical cancer were 9.3 times more likely to have had an HPV infection compared to those without cervical cancer.
E. Those without HPV infection were 9.3 times more likely to have had cervical cancer compared to those with an HPV infection.
D. Those with cervical cancer were 9.3 times more likely to have had an HPV infection compared to those without cervical cancer.
Which of the following statements is most representative of Evaluation (one of the core functions of Epidemiology)?
A. Conducting an analysis of patient flow at the public health clinic to determine waiting times for clinic patients
B. Reviewing reports of test results for Chlamydia trachomatis from public health clinics
C. Interviewing persons infected with Chlamydia to identify their sex partners
D. Comparing persons with symptomatic versus asymptomatic Chlamydia infection to identify predictors
E. Meeting with directors of family planning clinics and college health clinics to discuss Chlamydia testing and reporting
A. Conducting an analysis of patient flow at the public health clinic to determine waiting times for clinic patients
A propagated source epidemic is usually the result of what type of exposure? A. Point source B. Continuous common source C. Intermittent common source D. Person-to-person E. Outbreak with no propagation
D. Person-to-person
A small population of 100 graduate students were followed during the academic year for the development of Strep. throat. None of the graduate students were ill at the start of the academic semester (Aug. 1st). As of Sept. 30th, a total of 25 students had reported developing Strep. throat illness. Luckily, all 25 recovered without lingering ill effects after 5 days of antibiotic therapy. On Oct. 14th, 14 additional students developed Strep. throat and began antibiotic therapy. All were cured after 5 days. No graduate students developed multiple occurrences of Strep. Throat or became ill after the end of October. What is the incidence of Strep. throat during the month of October? A. 3.2 % B. 14.0 % C. 15.9% D. 18.6 % E. 33.5 %
D. 18.6 %
Which of the following refers the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area? A. Pandemic B. Outbreak C. Propagated Pandemic D. Epidemic E. Endemic
E. Endemic
You are a clinician in a community of ~535,000 people, 32% of which are females between the age of 15‐44. During the past year there were 5,185 deaths from all causes (all age groups) and 1232 live births. Of the total deaths, 6 were females and related to childbirth, 42 were children between the age of >28 days old but <1 year, 8 were <28 days old. During the year, 259 adult patients developed cardiovascular disease (CVDz), 452 patients developed cancer (301 were lung cancer), and 219 patients were infected with Clostridium difficile. The new CVDz patients joined 30,100 existing community members who already had the diagnosis and the new cancer patients joined an existing population of 850 patients living with cancer, of which 200 had lung cancer. Of the patients with CVDz, 60 ultimately died from their CV disease. Of those patients with cancer, 180 ultimate died; 60% dying from lung cancer. There were 3 deaths secondary to Clostridium difficile infection. What is the absolute difference between the number of live births and the number of total deaths in your community? A. 8.8% B. 2460 C. 705 D. 3953 E. 7.7%
D. 3953
You are a clinician in a community of ~535,000 people, 32% of which are females between the age of 15‐44. During the past year there were 5,185 deaths from all causes (all age groups) and 1232 live births. Of the total deaths, 6 were females and related to childbirth, 42 were children between the age of >28 days old but <1 year, 8 were <28 days old. During the year, 259 adult patients developed cardiovascular disease (CVDz), 452 patients developed cancer (301 were lung cancer), and 219 patients were infected with Clostridium difficile. The new CVDz patients joined 30,100 existing community members who already had the diagnosis and the new cancer patients joined an existing population of 850 patients living with cancer, of which 200 had lung cancer. Of the patients with CVDz, 60 ultimately died from their CV disease. Of those patients with cancer, 180 ultimate died; 60% dying from lung cancer. There were 3 deaths secondary to Clostridium difficile infection. What is the cause-specific morbidity rate for CVDz? A. 5.6% B. 8.8% C. 0.85% D. 0.05% E. 7.7%
A. 5.6%
You are a clinician in a community of ~535,000 people, 32% of which are females between the age of 15‐44. During the past year there were 5,185 deaths from all causes (all age groups) and 1232 live births. Of the total deaths, 6 were females and related to childbirth, 42 were children between the age of >28 days old but <1 year, 8 were <28 days old. During the year, 259 adult patients developed cardiovascular disease (CVDz), 452 patients developed cancer (301 were lung cancer), and 219 patients were infected with Clostridium difficile. The new CVDz patients joined 30,100 existing community members who already had the diagnosis and the new cancer patients joined an existing population of 850 patients living with cancer, of which 200 had lung cancer. Of the patients with CVDz, 60 ultimately died from their CV disease. Of those patients with cancer, 180 ultimate died; 60% dying from lung cancer. There were 3 deaths secondary to Clostridium difficile infection. What is the case fatality rate for lung cancer? A. 8.8% B. 17.2% C. 0.05% D. 9.9% E. 21.6%
E. 21.6%
In the John Snow trial, researchers enrolled 12,566 high-risk patients with evidence of vascular disease or diabetes +1 other cardiovascular disease factor but without heart failure or low ejection fraction. Of the total patients enrolled, 6,285 patients were randomized to Lipitor group and 6,281 randomized to placebo, 350 in the Lipitor group and 1046 in the placebo group had the combined endpoint of MI/CVA/death due to CV-related cause. What is the relative risk? A. 0.34 B. 0.81 C. 1.23 D. 1.59 E. 2.95
A. 0.34
In the John Snow trial, researchers enrolled 12,566 high-risk patients with evidence of vascular disease or diabetes +1 other cardiovascular disease factor but without heart failure or low ejection fraction. Of the total patients enrolled, 6,285 patients randomized to Lipitor group and 6,281 randomized to placebo, 350 in the Lipitor group and 1046 in the placebo group had the combined endpoint of MI/CVA/death due to CV- related cause. What is the Number needed to Treat (NNT) with Lipitor in order to reduce one MI/CVA/death due to CV-related cause? A. 4 B. 6 C. 9 D. 14 E. 20
C. 9
Which of the following activities is representative of Passive Surveillance?
A. An epidemiologist at the health department creates graphs of the number of dog bites by week and neighborhood in order to make a presentation to the community.
B. Mercy Hospital staff regularly reports HIV cases to the local health department when identified.
C. Writing a report on trends in seat belt use to share with the state legislature
D. Disseminating educational materials about ways people can reduce their risk of Lyme disease
E. Diagnosing whether a case of encephalitis is actually due to West Nile virus infection
B. Mercy Hospital staff regularly reports HIV cases to the local health department when identified.
Researchers are conducting a study to better understand Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) prevalence in smokers vs. non-smokers. If the Crude PR = 1.25; Adjusted PR = 1.66; PR (young patients) = 2.65; PR (Middle Aged Patients) = 2.75; and PR (old patients) = 3.43 then what can be said about the presence of confounding and effect modification?
A. No Interaction, but confounding is present
B. Effect Modification, but no confounding
C. Confounding, but no effect modification
D. No effect modification and no confounding
E. Both confounding and interaction present
E. Both confounding and interaction present
Which of the following is a way to control for confounding? A. Distortion B. External Validity C. Matching D. Convenience Sampling E. Effect Modification
C. Matching
