Review Questions Flashcards
visceral afferent nerve impulses reflexively cause somatic problems through the mechanism of anterior horn cell facilitation
Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis
the subluxation can lead to lowered tissue resistance and compromise the body’s ability to adapt to microorganisms
Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune hypothesis
the subluxation can involve facilitation of lateral horn cells, leading to visceral dysfunction via altered sympathetic innervation
Somatoautonomic/somatovisceral reflex hypothesis
distortion of the intervertebral foramen causes mechanical compression, stretch, traction, or torsion of spinal nerves or nerve roots with subsequent injury and dysfunction
Nerve compression hypothesis
articular alterations and nociceptive signals from subluxated motion segments cause dysafferentation to the spinal cord, disrupting normal postural muscle tone, and reflexively disturbing other somatic functions as well
Somatosomatic/somatomotor reflex hypothesis
Neurotrophic support can be adversely affected by the disruption of axoplasmic transport mechanisms
Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis
Cervical subluxations can cause vascular insufficiency to the brain by direct arterial compression
Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis
Subluxations can affect mental state and the emotions
Somatopsychic hypothesis
Mental stress can cause subluxations through postural changes, diaphragm tension, and other neurologic effects
Psychogenic hypothesis
Upper cervical misalignments can cause stress to the spinal cord
Spinal cord compression/myelopathy hypothesis
Which structure/s is/are affected first by very slight amounts of compression of the contents of the intervertebral foramen?
Veins and lymphatic vessels
The vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis is based on what proposed mechanism?
subluxations of the cervical segments can cause direct pressure on the vertebral arteries, obstructing the lumen of the vessels, and causing a loss of blood flow to the brain
The axoplasmic aberration hypothesis is the suggestion that____:
Axoplasmic transport may be altered in certain cases in which the spinal nerve roots are compressed or irritated by the intervertebral subluxation
Within the IVF there is a connective tissue structure which divides the IVF into compartments, and therefore limits the ability of other IVF components to avoid compression trauma. What is this structure?
transforaminal ligament
The neurodystrophic hypothesis is the concept that______:
neural dysfunction lowers the resistance of the body to infectious agents
Why are veins and lymphatic vessels important structures in the trophic models of subluxation?
They are more quickly affected by compression than other IVF components
One of Irvin Korr’s contributions to the knowledge base concerning the nature of the subluxation was his work in the area of:
axoplasmic transport and neurotrophic effects
Which is one of the trophic models of subluxation complex?
intraneural microcirculation ischemia
Sleep disturbances, emotional changes, and symptoms of altered cognitive function as a result of subluxation effects are among the effects explained by the___________ hypothesis.
Somatopsychic
What is the name of the hypothesis that decreased cerebral blood flow due to several subluxation effects can cause “hibernation” of certain brain functions?
cerebral dysfunction theory
Ischemic conditions affecting nerves tend to first cause_____:
Hyperirritability
A patient experiences a recurrent spinal subluxation associated with an overuse inflammation of tendons at the elbow. What hypothesis explains the possible mechanism involved?
somatosomatic reflex
A child with chronic relapsing ear infections experiences much better health, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of infections after receiving chiropractic care. What hypothesis is used to explain this experience?
neurodystrophic
A patient experiences significant emotional stress that is found to cause a frequent recurrence of subluxations. What hypothesis applies to this situation?
psychogenic, or psychosomatic
How can chronic mental stress be a factor in the cause or perpetuation of subluxation complexes?
A.) Chronic diaphragm hypertonicity can cause biomechanical alterations in the lumbar spine, including fixation
B.) The resulting visceral pathology can be a source of viscerosomatic dysafferentation
C.) Chronic postural distortion due to negative “body language.”
D.) All of the above are possible effects of emotional stress
The “Loeser Pain Hierarchy” illustrates what concept relating to subluxation?
“Pain behavior” can persist after tissue healing has taken place
What is a mechanism by which a person who has a major surgery might develop a subluxation complex afterward?
A.) Patient positioning under anesthesia causes mechanical injury to joints and/or nerves.
B.) Nociceptive input from surgically traumatized tissues produces a somatomotor response.
C.) The subconscious mind of the patient might be affected by negative statements made by the surgeon during the operation.
D.) More than one of the above might be a mechanism.
How can exercise help prevent subluxations?
A.) Exercise can strengthen and balance postural muscles.
B.) Exercise can improve spinal joint motion.
C.) Exercise can help to lower overall sympathetic nervous system “tone.”
D.) All of the above may be reasons.
T/F
A nerve undergoing compression stress may temporarily demonstrate reduced axoplasmic flow characteristics, while continuing to conduct impulses normally.
True
T/F
A person with a job that involves repetitive motions or positions that are habitual will be less likely to develop subluxations than will a person whose work habits involve constantly varied activity.
False
T/F
A long-time cigarette smoker may show evidence of an upper thoracic subluxation complex possibly through the mechanism of the viscerosomatic reflex.
True
T/F
If a person has never suffered an accident or fall, it is not likely that the chiropractor will find evidence of subluxation complex in that person.
False
T/F
D.D. Palmer believed that the toxins in food, drink, and medications could cause spinal subluxations.
True
T/F
Gravity can be considered to be a continuous microtraumatic stress that can be a factor in causing subluxations.
True
T/F
The patient’s emotional state does not have an effect on the response to adjustments, or the ability to maintain correction.
False
T/F
Moderate general exercise is one factor that can help prevent the occurrence of subluxation complexes.
True
T/F
Chiropractic care has been reported to help certain patients with insomnia, and emotional disorders such as neuroses.
True
T/F
Some evidence indicates that chiropractic care can be effective in alleviating symptoms of colic in infants.
True
Somatosomatic reflex model aka..
somatomotor
Somatovisceral reflex model aka…
somatoautonomic
Viscerosomatic model aka…
visceromotor
Somatic dysafferentation consists of…
nociceptor facilitation and/or mechanoreceptor deafferentation
The most influential mechanoreceptors in feedback are…
type III.
