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Philosophy 3 Final > Review Questions > Flashcards

Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

visceral afferent nerve impulses reflexively cause somatic problems through the mechanism of anterior horn cell facilitation

A

Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis

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2
Q

the subluxation can lead to lowered tissue resistance and compromise the body’s ability to adapt to microorganisms

A

Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune hypothesis

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3
Q

the subluxation can involve facilitation of lateral horn cells, leading to visceral dysfunction via altered sympathetic innervation

A

Somatoautonomic/somatovisceral reflex hypothesis

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4
Q

distortion of the intervertebral foramen causes mechanical compression, stretch, traction, or torsion of spinal nerves or nerve roots with subsequent injury and dysfunction

A

Nerve compression hypothesis

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5
Q

articular alterations and nociceptive signals from subluxated motion segments cause dysafferentation to the spinal cord, disrupting normal postural muscle tone, and reflexively disturbing other somatic functions as well

A

Somatosomatic/somatomotor reflex hypothesis

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6
Q

Neurotrophic support can be adversely affected by the disruption of axoplasmic transport mechanisms

A

Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis

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7
Q

Cervical subluxations can cause vascular insufficiency to the brain by direct arterial compression

A

Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis

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8
Q

Subluxations can affect mental state and the emotions

A

Somatopsychic hypothesis

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9
Q

Mental stress can cause subluxations through postural changes, diaphragm tension, and other neurologic effects

A

Psychogenic hypothesis

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10
Q

Upper cervical misalignments can cause stress to the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord compression/myelopathy hypothesis

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11
Q

Which structure/s is/are affected first by very slight amounts of compression of the contents of the intervertebral foramen?

A

Veins and lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

The vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis is based on what proposed mechanism?

A

subluxations of the cervical segments can cause direct pressure on the vertebral arteries, obstructing the lumen of the vessels, and causing a loss of blood flow to the brain

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13
Q

The axoplasmic aberration hypothesis is the suggestion that____:

A

Axoplasmic transport may be altered in certain cases in which the spinal nerve roots are compressed or irritated by the intervertebral subluxation

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14
Q

Within the IVF there is a connective tissue structure which divides the IVF into compartments, and therefore limits the ability of other IVF components to avoid compression trauma. What is this structure?

A

transforaminal ligament

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15
Q

The neurodystrophic hypothesis is the concept that______:

A

neural dysfunction lowers the resistance of the body to infectious agents

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16
Q

Why are veins and lymphatic vessels important structures in the trophic models of subluxation?

A

They are more quickly affected by compression than other IVF components

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17
Q

One of Irvin Korr’s contributions to the knowledge base concerning the nature of the subluxation was his work in the area of:

A

axoplasmic transport and neurotrophic effects

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18
Q

Which is one of the trophic models of subluxation complex?

A

intraneural microcirculation ischemia

19
Q

Sleep disturbances, emotional changes, and symptoms of altered cognitive function as a result of subluxation effects are among the effects explained by the___________ hypothesis.

A

Somatopsychic

20
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that decreased cerebral blood flow due to several subluxation effects can cause “hibernation” of certain brain functions?

A

cerebral dysfunction theory

21
Q

Ischemic conditions affecting nerves tend to first cause_____:

A

Hyperirritability

22
Q

A patient experiences a recurrent spinal subluxation associated with an overuse inflammation of tendons at the elbow. What hypothesis explains the possible mechanism involved?

A

somatosomatic reflex

23
Q

A child with chronic relapsing ear infections experiences much better health, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of infections after receiving chiropractic care. What hypothesis is used to explain this experience?

A

neurodystrophic

24
Q

A patient experiences significant emotional stress that is found to cause a frequent recurrence of subluxations. What hypothesis applies to this situation?

A

psychogenic, or psychosomatic

25
Q

How can chronic mental stress be a factor in the cause or perpetuation of subluxation complexes?

A.) Chronic diaphragm hypertonicity can cause biomechanical alterations in the lumbar spine, including fixation

B.) The resulting visceral pathology can be a source of viscerosomatic dysafferentation

C.) Chronic postural distortion due to negative “body language.”

A

D.) All of the above are possible effects of emotional stress

26
Q

The “Loeser Pain Hierarchy” illustrates what concept relating to subluxation?

A

“Pain behavior” can persist after tissue healing has taken place

27
Q

What is a mechanism by which a person who has a major surgery might develop a subluxation complex afterward?

A.) Patient positioning under anesthesia causes mechanical injury to joints and/or nerves.

B.) Nociceptive input from surgically traumatized tissues produces a somatomotor response.

C.) The subconscious mind of the patient might be affected by negative statements made by the surgeon during the operation.

A

D.) More than one of the above might be a mechanism.

28
Q

How can exercise help prevent subluxations?

A.) Exercise can strengthen and balance postural muscles.

B.) Exercise can improve spinal joint motion.

C.) Exercise can help to lower overall sympathetic nervous system “tone.”

A

D.) All of the above may be reasons.

29
Q

T/F
A nerve undergoing compression stress may temporarily demonstrate reduced axoplasmic flow characteristics, while continuing to conduct impulses normally.

A

True

30
Q

T/F
A person with a job that involves repetitive motions or positions that are habitual will be less likely to develop subluxations than will a person whose work habits involve constantly varied activity.

A

False

31
Q

T/F
A long-time cigarette smoker may show evidence of an upper thoracic subluxation complex possibly through the mechanism of the viscerosomatic reflex.

A

True

32
Q

T/F
If a person has never suffered an accident or fall, it is not likely that the chiropractor will find evidence of subluxation complex in that person.

A

False

33
Q

T/F

D.D. Palmer believed that the toxins in food, drink, and medications could cause spinal subluxations.

A

True

34
Q

T/F

Gravity can be considered to be a continuous microtraumatic stress that can be a factor in causing subluxations.

A

True

35
Q

T/F
The patient’s emotional state does not have an effect on the response to adjustments, or the ability to maintain correction.

A

False

36
Q

T/F

Moderate general exercise is one factor that can help prevent the occurrence of subluxation complexes.

A

True

37
Q

T/F

Chiropractic care has been reported to help certain patients with insomnia, and emotional disorders such as neuroses.

A

True

38
Q

T/F

Some evidence indicates that chiropractic care can be effective in alleviating symptoms of colic in infants.

A

True

39
Q

Somatosomatic reflex model aka..

A

somatomotor

40
Q

Somatovisceral reflex model aka…

A

somatoautonomic

41
Q

Viscerosomatic model aka…

A

visceromotor

42
Q

Somatic dysafferentation consists of…

A

nociceptor facilitation and/or mechanoreceptor deafferentation

43
Q

The most influential mechanoreceptors in feedback are…

A

type III.

Philosophy 3 Final (1 decks)

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