Review Questions

Question 1

visceral afferent nerve impulses reflexively cause somatic problems through the mechanism of anterior horn cell facilitation

Answer 1

Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis

Question 2

the subluxation can lead to lowered tissue resistance and compromise the body’s ability to adapt to microorganisms

Answer 2

Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune hypothesis

Question 3

the subluxation can involve facilitation of lateral horn cells, leading to visceral dysfunction via altered sympathetic innervation

Answer 3

Somatoautonomic/somatovisceral reflex hypothesis

Question 4

distortion of the intervertebral foramen causes mechanical compression, stretch, traction, or torsion of spinal nerves or nerve roots with subsequent injury and dysfunction

Answer 4

Nerve compression hypothesis

Question 5

articular alterations and nociceptive signals from subluxated motion segments cause dysafferentation to the spinal cord, disrupting normal postural muscle tone, and reflexively disturbing other somatic functions as well

Answer 5

Somatosomatic/somatomotor reflex hypothesis

Question 6

Neurotrophic support can be adversely affected by the disruption of axoplasmic transport mechanisms

Answer 6

Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis

Question 7

Cervical subluxations can cause vascular insufficiency to the brain by direct arterial compression

Answer 7

Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis

Question 8

Subluxations can affect mental state and the emotions

Answer 8

Somatopsychic hypothesis

Question 9

Mental stress can cause subluxations through postural changes, diaphragm tension, and other neurologic effects

Answer 9

Psychogenic hypothesis

Question 10

Upper cervical misalignments can cause stress to the spinal cord

Answer 10

Spinal cord compression/myelopathy hypothesis

Question 11

Which structure/s is/are affected first by very slight amounts of compression of the contents of the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 11

Veins and lymphatic vessels

Question 12

The vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis is based on what proposed mechanism?

Answer 12

subluxations of the cervical segments can cause direct pressure on the vertebral arteries, obstructing the lumen of the vessels, and causing a loss of blood flow to the brain

Question 13

The axoplasmic aberration hypothesis is the suggestion that____:

Answer 13

Axoplasmic transport may be altered in certain cases in which the spinal nerve roots are compressed or irritated by the intervertebral subluxation

Question 14

Within the IVF there is a connective tissue structure which divides the IVF into compartments, and therefore limits the ability of other IVF components to avoid compression trauma. What is this structure?

Answer 14

transforaminal ligament

Question 15

The neurodystrophic hypothesis is the concept that______:

Answer 15

neural dysfunction lowers the resistance of the body to infectious agents

Question 16

Why are veins and lymphatic vessels important structures in the trophic models of subluxation?

Answer 16

They are more quickly affected by compression than other IVF components

Question 17

One of Irvin Korr’s contributions to the knowledge base concerning the nature of the subluxation was his work in the area of:

Answer 17

axoplasmic transport and neurotrophic effects

Question 18

Which is one of the trophic models of subluxation complex?

Answer 18

intraneural microcirculation ischemia

Question 19

Sleep disturbances, emotional changes, and symptoms of altered cognitive function as a result of subluxation effects are among the effects explained by the___________ hypothesis.

Answer 19

Somatopsychic

Question 20

What is the name of the hypothesis that decreased cerebral blood flow due to several subluxation effects can cause “hibernation” of certain brain functions?

Answer 20

cerebral dysfunction theory

Question 21

Ischemic conditions affecting nerves tend to first cause_____:

Answer 21

Hyperirritability

Question 22

A patient experiences a recurrent spinal subluxation associated with an overuse inflammation of tendons at the elbow. What hypothesis explains the possible mechanism involved?

Answer 22

somatosomatic reflex

Question 23

A child with chronic relapsing ear infections experiences much better health, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of infections after receiving chiropractic care. What hypothesis is used to explain this experience?

Answer 23

neurodystrophic

Question 24

A patient experiences significant emotional stress that is found to cause a frequent recurrence of subluxations. What hypothesis applies to this situation?

Answer 24

psychogenic, or psychosomatic

Question 25

How can chronic mental stress be a factor in the cause or perpetuation of subluxation complexes? A.) Chronic diaphragm hypertonicity can cause biomechanical alterations in the lumbar spine, including fixation B.) The resulting visceral pathology can be a source of viscerosomatic dysafferentation C.) Chronic postural distortion due to negative “body language.”

Answer 25

D.) All of the above are possible effects of emotional stress

Question 26

The “Loeser Pain Hierarchy” illustrates what concept relating to subluxation?

Answer 26

“Pain behavior” can persist after tissue healing has taken place

Question 27

What is a mechanism by which a person who has a major surgery might develop a subluxation complex afterward? A.) Patient positioning under anesthesia causes mechanical injury to joints and/or nerves. B.) Nociceptive input from surgically traumatized tissues produces a somatomotor response. C.) The subconscious mind of the patient might be affected by negative statements made by the surgeon during the operation.

Answer 27

D.) More than one of the above might be a mechanism.

Question 28

How can exercise help prevent subluxations? A.) Exercise can strengthen and balance postural muscles. B.) Exercise can improve spinal joint motion. C.) Exercise can help to lower overall sympathetic nervous system “tone.”

Answer 28

D.) All of the above may be reasons.

Question 29

T/F A nerve undergoing compression stress may temporarily demonstrate reduced axoplasmic flow characteristics, while continuing to conduct impulses normally.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

T/F A person with a job that involves repetitive motions or positions that are habitual will be less likely to develop subluxations than will a person whose work habits involve constantly varied activity.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

T/F A long-time cigarette smoker may show evidence of an upper thoracic subluxation complex possibly through the mechanism of the viscerosomatic reflex.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F If a person has never suffered an accident or fall, it is not likely that the chiropractor will find evidence of subluxation complex in that person.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

T/F | D.D. Palmer believed that the toxins in food, drink, and medications could cause spinal subluxations.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

T/F | Gravity can be considered to be a continuous microtraumatic stress that can be a factor in causing subluxations.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

T/F The patient’s emotional state does not have an effect on the response to adjustments, or the ability to maintain correction.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

T/F | Moderate general exercise is one factor that can help prevent the occurrence of subluxation complexes.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

T/F | Chiropractic care has been reported to help certain patients with insomnia, and emotional disorders such as neuroses.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F | Some evidence indicates that chiropractic care can be effective in alleviating symptoms of colic in infants.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Somatosomatic reflex model aka..

Answer 39

somatomotor

Question 40

Somatovisceral reflex model aka...

Answer 40

somatoautonomic

Question 41

Viscerosomatic model aka...

Answer 41

visceromotor

Question 42

Somatic dysafferentation consists of...

Answer 42

nociceptor facilitation and/or mechanoreceptor deafferentation

Question 43

The most influential mechanoreceptors in feedback are...

Answer 43

type III.