Review Questions 23.11- 28.12 Flashcards
- 11 Describe how O2 and CO2 are exchaned in the lungs and in the tissues.
- Describe the pressure gradients involved and the direction each
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O2 and CO2 are exchanged across capillary walls by cells via passive diffusion (high to low)
24.1 sequence each organ through which food must pass through digestive tract
oral cavity, oro/laryngopharynx, esophogas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
24.1 Name accessory digestive organs
liver, pancreas and gall bladder (all exocrine)
24.1 Regions of stomach (in order)
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
24.1 Accessory organ that produces greatest variety of digestive enzymes
pancreas
Produces Bile
liver
Receives secretion of pancreas and liver
small intestine
stores bile
gall bladder
24.4 Describe structure of the peritoneal cavity
Peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body. Tissues–simple squamus/areolar connective
The slim space containing lubricating serous fluid that is between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum is called what?
Peritoneal Cavity
Name and describe the five major peritoneal folds
- Greater Omentum: greater curvature of stomach to the transverse colon, creating an apron
- Falciform Ligament: connects the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
- Lesser Omentum: connects the lesser curvature of stomach and liver
- Mesentery: extends from posterior ab wall to small intestine
- Mesocolon: posterior ab wall to transverse colon
24.11 Major structures of large intestine
- Taenia Coli-3 bands, runs most of the length, contracts haustre
- Haustra-series of pouches along LI
Functions: vitamins B, K, absorbs water, formation of feces
24.13 Summarize the steps in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein digestion. Name the organ in which each step occurs, the enzymes involved and where they are produced, and the substrates and end-products of each step.
CARBS: 1. oral cavity–salivary amylase–polysaccharides
2. Pancreas–pancreatic amylase—polysaccharides
3. small intestine–maltase, lactase, sucrose—–monosaccharides
PROTEINS: pepsin, trypsin, peptidases
LIPIDS: Lipase
25.2 Summarize the main metabolic pathways and functions of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in cell metabolism.
CARBS: Glycogen-glycogenolysis-glucose-glycolysis–pyruvic acid–Acytyl CoA
PROTEINS–amino acids–deamination–pyruvic acid–Acetyl-CoA
LIPIDS–Fatty acids–glycerol–glycolysis
25.3 Group the various metabolic processes into the “absorptive” and “post-absorptive” states.
- Absorptive: glucose is major energy source, glycogenesis, insulin is key hormone, storage of triglycerides in adipose
- Postabsorptive; fatty acids released from adipose tissue, gluconeogensis, glycogenolysis, fatty acids released from adipose tissue
25.4 List the major metabolic effects of insulin, glucagon.
- Insulin: stimulus: hyperglycemia,causes decrease in blood glucose
- Glucagan: Stimulus –hypoglycemia
Causes an increase in blood glucose
26.2 Locate the organs of the urinary system and explain the general function of each.
- Kidneys–regulate blood volume and composition, help regulate BP, vit. D synthesis, forms and excretes urine
- Ureters–transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
- Bladder-store urine
- Urethra–discharges urine from body
26.3 Describe the structure of a kidney.
Kidney is covered by renal fascia, renal cortex, renal medulla with renal pyraminds separated by renal columns.
Minor Calyces drain to Major then renal pelvis to ureter
26.5 Trace a drop of filtrate from glomerulus to urethra, listing in sequence each structure through which it passes.
- Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
26.6 Describe the process of urine formation, including the processes of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. List some examples of substances involved in each process.
- Glomerular Filtration–water, solutes
- Tubular reabsorption–filtered fluid flows along renal tubule where 99% is reaborbed into blood via peritubular capillaries (glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, K+, Ca2, Cl
- Tubular secretion: collection of waste products transported from blood into tubules
(H+, K+, ammonia ions, creatiine, certain drugs).
27.2 Explain the concept of water balance, and list the sources of water gain and loss from the body. Identify which one is most significant in the homeostatic control of body water.
Water balance must be correctly proportioned throughout body for homeostasis.
H2O GAIN occurs from ingested liquids, moist food absorbed in GI, metabolic
H2O LOSS occurs from excretion of urine, evaporation, exhalation, elimination.
27.3 Explain the role of the rennin-angiotensin system and aldosterone in maintaining the homeostatic control of water volume in the body. Explain the relationship between sodium and water retention and excretion.
Kidneys secrete renin into blood which catalized angiotensinogen and converts to angiotensin I. ACE within plmonary blood vessels catalized agI into angiotensin II. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone with stimulates an increase in sodium and water absorbtion. This increases blood volume and blood pressure.
27.4 Explain the role of ADH in maintaining ECF osmolarity.
Antidiuretic Hormone is produced by hypothalamus. It is stimulated by increased osmolarity of body fluids. ADH promotes water retention by increasing water reabsorption to cells. ADH makes the renal tubules reabsorb less water and produces a concentrated urine.
2. When H2O levels are high ADH shuts down, and dilute urine is produced.
27.6 Explain the contribution of blood buffers and the respiratory and urinary systems to acid-base homeostasis.
To remove H+ from the ECF.
- Buffer act quickly to bind H+ to keep pH neutral.
- Increase in rate and depth of breathing removes more CO2 which decreases level of carbonic acid in blood increasing pH. Shallow breathing increases H+ in blood decreasing pH. (acidosis)
- H+ is secreted via urine, slowest mechanism but has highest amount of H+ unloaded.
28.5 List the functions/effects of testosterone, GnRH, FSH, LH, and inhibin in males.
GnRH (hypothalamus)-stimulates gonadotrophs to secrete FSH and LH
- LH (anter. pituitary)–stimulates Leydid to secrete testosterone
- FSH (ant pit)–stimulates spermatogenesis
- Inhibin–(sertoli cells)–inhibits FSH
- Testosterone(Leydig cells)
28.6 Trace the passage of sperm from their point of development through the ducts of the male. Name all glands (in order) that add semen as the sperm are expelled during ejaculation.
Seminiferous tubules-rete testis–efferent ductules–epididymis–ductus deferen, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct.
2. seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbouretheral
28.8 Locate the organs of the female reproductive system and describe function of each.
- Ovaries–produce secondary oocytes, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin
- Uterine tubes: transports secondary oocytes to uterus
- Uterus: site of implantation and fetal development
28.10 Describe the steps of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis. Note the timing of the different steps.
Differences: 1. timing, and number produced
28.12 Describe the events of the menstrual cycle occurring in the ovaries and the uterus and then explain the hormonal interactions that control them.
x
Main organ of metabolism
Liver
