review questions Flashcards
Which of the following structures would a deep vein thrombus in the leg reach first?
a. aorta
b. L atrium
c. L ventricle
d. pulmonary arteries
e. pulmonary vein
d. pulmonary arteries
Tracer dye is injected into a patient’s skin. Based on the path of tissue fluid flow from the skin, which of the following would the tracer dye reach last and therefore be least likely to show the tracer dye?
a. arteries
b. heart
c. lymphatic vessels
d. lymph nodes
e. veins
a. arteries
lymph enters lymphatic capillaries in connective tissue —> enters lymph nodes via afferent lymph vessels and exits via efferent lymph vessels —> lymph drains into venous circulation at R/L venous angles (where subclavian and internal jugular veins meet) via right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct —> enters right side of heart and leaves via pulmonary arteries to lungs
in a standard radiograph:
a. blood is more radiolucent than fat
b. cartilage is more radiopaque than blood
c. cartilage is more radiopaque than bone
d. enamel is more radiolucent than bone
e. fat is more radiolucent than muscle
e. fat is more radiolucent than muscle
radiopacity —> radiolucency
1. foreign heavy metal
2. enamel
3. bone
4. water density (muscle, cartilage, tendon, bone, nerve, connective)
5. fat
6. air
Faulty neural crest cell migration would result in multiple defects, including defective formation of (2):
a. cardiac septa and cardiac valves
b. the CNS
c. cornea and lens of the eye
d. epithelium of GI and UG systems
e. epithelium of respiratory system
f. ganglia
g. tooth enamel
a. cardiac septa and cardiac valves
AND
f. ganglia
neural crest cells form some connective tissues, nervous tissue, muscle tissues, endocrine tissues, melanocytes, odontoblasts (teeth), and cardiac septa & valves
the cardiovascular system forms from:
a. intermediate mesoderm
b. lateral plate mesoderm, parietal layer
c. lateral plate mesoderm, visceral layer
d. notochord mesoderm
e. paraxial mesoderm
c. lateral plate mesoderm, visceral layer
lateral plate mesoderm (cavity):
1. parietal/somatic mesoderm: deep to ectoderm, forms CT of body walls and parietal serosa lining body cavity
2. visceral/splanchnic mesoderm: superficial to endoderm, forms muscles and CT of internal viscera/organs, forms visceral serosa covering viscera/organs
Obstruction in the LAD would limit blood supply to myocardium of the:
a. anterior 2/3 of the IV septum
b. AV node
c. posterior 1/3 of the IV septum
d. right atrium
e. SA node
a. anterior 2/3 of the IV septum
blood supply to ventricular septum:
anterior 2/3 is LCA (left carotid artery)
posterior 1/3 is RCA
As a result of an endocardial infection, your patient suffers a rupture of the chordae tendineae of the right ventricle. This is likely to result in an alteration of blood flow that will cause a:
a. diastolic murmur that is heard best at the left fifth intercostal space at the sternal border.
b. diastolic murmur that is heard best at the right second intercostal space at the sternal border.
c. systolic murmur that is heard best at the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
d. systolic murmur that is heard best at the left second intercostal space at the sternal border.
e. systolic murmur that is heard best at the right fifth intercostal space at the sternal border.
e. systolic murmur that is heard best at the right fifth intercostal space at the sternal border.
Chordae tendinae are associated with AV valves, which on on the R is tricuspid valve. AV valves are OPEN during diastole. Ruptured chordae tendinae would impair the ability of AV valves to CLOSE properly (would allow valves to swing open the other way) and so there would be regurgitation… so murmur would be a systolic one, when AV valve should be closed.
Since defect causes regurgitation, “downstream” of the valve is upstream, so you would listen on the right side of the sternal border, rather than the usual auscultation point on the left
Your patient has suffered a stab wound to the right side of his thorax between the 4th and 5th ribs. Which of the following observations lead you to suspect a tension pneumothorax as opposed to an open pneumothorax?
a. His mediastinum deviates to the right when he exhales.
b. His mediastinum deviates to the right when he inhales.
c. His trachea is deviated to the left and he is cyanotic.
d. His trachea is deviated to the right and he is cyanotic.
c. His trachea is deviated to the left and he is cyanotic.
With TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX mediastinal shifts (including the trachea) are to the opposite side of the injury. In this case as air/tension builds in the right pleural space, there is a mediastinal shift to the left, and inhaled air is unable to escape the shifted trachea.
- A baby is born premature at seven months of gestation with a patent ductus arteriosus. A reason that the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus is higher in pre-term babies than it is in full term babies is that the
a. level of circulating prostaglandin is too low in pre-term babies to allow closure of the ductus.
b. oxygen level in the blood flowing through the ductus arteriosus in pre-term babies is too high to allow closure of the ductus.
c. pressure in the pulmonary circulatory system is too low in pre-term babies to allow closure of the ductus.
d. reversal of the pressure gradient between the right and left sides of the circulatory system does not occur until later in gestation.
e. underdevelopment of the alveoli of the lung in pre-term babies results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the pulmonary circuit.
e. underdevelopment of the alveoli of the lung in pre-term babies results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the pulmonary circuit.
increased oxygen&bradykinin + decreased prostaglandin causes closure of the ductus arteriosus
An underweight infant has “tet spells” of cyanosis (turning blue) when he cries and the cyanosis resolves when he is placed in a knee-to-chest position. Based on this presentation, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is suspected and confirmed with further evaluation of a boot-shaped heart on radiographic imaging. TOF results from displacement of the embryonic aorticopulmonary septum, which leads to defects of structures derived from the
a. bulbus cordis.
b. primitive atrium.
c. primitive pulmonary vein.
d. sinus horns.
e. sinus venosus.
a. bulbus cordis
What is a tell-tale radiological sign of Tetralogy of Fallot?
boot-shaped heart, due to hypertrophy of the R ventricle
4 defects: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, hypertrophy of R ventricle
A patient has a solid mass located immediately superior to the root of the right lung. Which structure would most likely be compressed by this mass?
arch of the azygos vein - passes superior to the root of the right lung to enter the superior vena cava
what is the sternal angle a landmark for?
sternal angle is landmark for articulation between sternum and costal cartilages of 2nd ribs (anteriorly), T4-T5 (posteriorly), transverse thoracic plane, start/end of the aortic arch, and carina (bifurcation of the trachea)
at what vertebral level are presynaptic sympathetic neurons found?
T1-L2
(presynpatic parasympathetic are S2-S4)
what is found in dorsal vs ventral root of spinal cord?
dorsal root = sensory axons
ventral root = motor axons
merge into mixed spinal nerve, with anterior and posterior ramus (also mixed)
what nerve loops around the aortic arch
left recurrent (read: making a U turn) laryngeal nerve loops around aortic arch to head back up to larynx
where does blood from the right posterior intercostal veins drain into?
azygos vein
what is the septomarginal trabecula and where is it found (specifically)
aka moderator band, found extending from muscular IV septum to anterior papillary muscle in RIGHT ventricle
what artery courses alongside the great cardiac vein?
LAD (left anterior descending) courses along great cardiac vein in anterior IV groove
what is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?
septum primum (the spot where it was not covered by septum secundum)
what embryologic structure are the AV valves and semilunar valves formed from, respectively?
AV valves form from atrioventricular endocardial cushions
semilunar valves form from conotruncal endocardial cushions
what do the umbilical veins and artery become after birth, respectively
umbilical vein —> ligamentum teres
umbilical artery —> medial umbilical ligaments
where exactly are the following located:
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. AV bundle
d. bundle branches/ Purkinje fibers
a. SA node: junction of SVC and R atrium
b. AV node: interatrial septum
c. AV bundle: membranous part of IV septum (IVS)
d. bundle branches/ Purkinje fibers: subendocardium of ventricular walls
what is carried by the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart?
ductus venosus carries IVC blood (more oxygenated because mixes with umbilical artery blood)
ductus arteriosus carries SVC blood to arch of aorta after branch points for cranial arteries (not oxygenated)