review protein synthesis Flashcards
_____ for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA processes
insulin
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
 termination
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene
deletion
_____ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
hydrogen
unlike DNA, RNA is a _____- stranded molecule
single
the process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule
transcription
the shape of the DNA molecule (two words)
double-helix
any factor which causes a mutation is called a ______
mutagen
a gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
substitution
DNA and RNA are both types of _______ (two words)
nucleic acid
If the DNA strand read GATGGCTCA, the complimentary DNA strand would read
CTACCGAGT
this type of RNA is used in the ribosome during proteins synthesis
rRNA
The process of DNA making copies of itsself
 replication
The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called _______
initiation
DNA is found in the ______ of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time - this unit is called a ______
polysome
the enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
RNA polymerase
a nitrogenous base with an double ring structure
purine
proteins that associate with DNA to form chromosomes
 histones
The enzyme that “unzips “ the DNA strand during replication
helicase
a DNA subunit made up of three components
nucleotide
the three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
this type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
 tRNA
chromosomal _______ occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed
deletion
a change to the base-pair sequence of a DNA molecule
mutation
a chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is “flipped”
inversion
proteins are made up of chains of ___________ strung together (two words)
amino acids
this type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ______
polymer
replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a ___________ process because each daughter strand contains half “old DNA” and half “new DNA “ (two words)
semi conservative
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called ________
translation
UV light and X rays are examples of ________ mutagens
radiation
a _____ mutation affects only one gene
gene
HPV is an example of a ______ mutagen
viral
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
 addition
A chromosomal mutation is where a piece of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
translocation
RNA contains one nitrogenous base not found in the DNA called
uracil
A nitrogenous bases with a single ring structure
pyrimidine
completed proteins are sent to the _____________ for final processing and packaging (2words)
golgi apparatus
benzene and dioxins are examples of ________ mutagens
chemical
Chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosome repeats itself
duplication
A mutation that causes cancer is called a ______
carcinogen
_______ mutations occur in he gametes or early on in the embryological development
germinal
_____ bonds form between adjoining amino acids
peptide
The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidine bases according to ________’s rule
Chargaff
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for _______________ to enter the ribosome (two words)
release factor
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
 plasmid
a _________ mutation affects many genes because large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
addition and deletion mutations can cause a devastating effects because they cause a ___________ where are all codons downstream of the mutation or altered
frame shift mutation
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing stranger and replication
DNA polymerase
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called _____
elongation
if the DNA strand read GATCCTAA the mRNA strand transcribed from it would be read as
CUAGGAUU
strong ________ from between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
The three letters sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
codon
during transcription the __________ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
 sense
