Review of Topics Flashcards
Gliobastoma multiforme: incidence, pathology, location
- Most common primary brain tumor of adults
- Astrocytes stain for GFAP
- Found in cerebral hemispheres and can cross the corpus callosum (butterfly glioma)
Meningioma: incidence, pathology, location
- second most common adult brain tumor
- arachnoid cells: spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern w psammoma bodies
- in cerebral hemispheres
Schwannoma: incidence, pathology, location
- third most common adult brain
- S-100 positive
- often localized to CN VIII (acoustic neuroma- bilateral in NF 2)
oligodendroglioma: incidence, pathology, location
- rare, slow growing adult brain tumor
- chicken wire capillary pattern with fried egg cells
- most often in frontal lobes
4 common childhood tumors in order of prevalence?
- Medulloblastoma: cerebellar tumor- can compress 4th ventricle, can send drop metastases
- Pilocytic astrocytoma: posterior fossa (cerebellum), benign, good prognosis
- Brainstem gliomas
- Ependymoma: found in 4th ventricle
most common SUPRATENTORIAL childhood tumor?
craniopharyngioma
what is contraction alkalosis?
metabolic alkalosis that occurs as a result of fluid/volume losses
- most likely due to increase in Renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone (accounts for hypokalemia seen in contraction alkalosis)
Describe the childhood rash: rubella
rash begins at head and moves down: fine truncal rash
Describe the childhood rash: measles
- paramyxovirus, begins at head and moves downward
- PRECEDED by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue-white (Koplik) spots on buccal mucosa
Describe the childhood rash: Roseola
- HHV-6, macular rash over body appears AFTER several days of high fevers (can have seizures)
Describe the childhood rash: Erythema infectiosum
- aka 5th disease by parvovirus B19
- slapped cheek race on face (can cause hydrops fetalis in pregnant women)
By 12 months, a child’s weight should ___ and height should ____
weight should triple
height should increase by 50%
what does DAF deficiency lead to?
complement mediated lysis of RBCs and proxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
C5-C9 deficiencies lead to?
recurrent neiserria bacteremia (bc neisseria requires complement host defenses
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency leads to what?
hereditary angioedema: autosomal dominant disorder causing episodes of painless, non pitting well circumscribed edema of the face, neck, lips, tongue
- ACE inhibitors are contraindicated
what cytokine mediates septic shock?
TNF alpha: causes cachexia, activates endothelium, causes leukocyte recruitment and vascular leak
what two cytokines are involved in inhibiting inflammation?
IL-10 and TGF-B
For knowledge, type IV hypersensitivity reactions:
- Multiple sclerosis
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- PPD
- Contact dermatitis
For knowledge, type III hypersensitivity reactions:
- SLE
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Post strep Glomernephritis
- Serum Sickness
- Arthus Reaction
- Rheumatoid arthritis
mnemonic for hyper IgE syndrome?
FATED: coarse Facies cold staph Abscesses retained primary Teeth Increased IgE Dermatologic problems (doughy skin) = inability of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli
The A’s of Ataxia Telangiectasia
defect in ATM gene (encodes for DNA repair enzymes)
IgA deficiency
Ataxia within first year of life
Autosomal recessive
Increased AFP
spider ANgiomatas
*increased risk of cancer ie leukemias and lymphomas
absent pus formation and delayed separation of umbilical cord + recurrent bacterial infections
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
recurrent pyogenic infections by staph and strep, partial albinism, peripheral neuropathy
Chediak Higashi syndrome: autosomal recessive, defect in LYST gene, microtubule dysfunction
mnemonic for wiskott aldrich syndrome?
WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia/purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections *X linked, WASP gene on x chromosome
difference between caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma?
Caput succ: diffuse swelling or edema of the scalp that crosses the midline and is benign
Cephalohematoma: subperiosteal hemorrhages that are sharply limited by sutures and do not cross the midline, usually benign but may indicate an underlying skull fracture so get a XR of CT to rule out
when should the anterior fontanelle close and what disorders should u suspect in delayed closure?
by 18 months closes
- should suspect:
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Hydrocephalus
3. Rickets
4. IUGR
If only one umbilical artery is present instead of two, what should you suspect?
congenital renal malformations
