Review of Surgical Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal Cavity Boundaries

A

Anteriorly = the abdominal wall & musculature

Posteriorly = the vertebral column

Superiorly = the diaphragm

inferiorly = the pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major Blood Supply to the Abdomenal Cavity from the aorta

A

Decending Aorta: becomes the Abdominal aorta (passing through the diapgram at the level of T12)

the Abdominal Aorta gives off the following branches in decending order
- suprareanals
- renals
- Celiac Trunk which gives supply to gastric, hepatic and splenic arteries
- superior Mesentertic which gives supply to the upper portion of the GI
- inferior Mesenteric which gives supply to the lower portion of the GI
- lumbar Arteries to the vertebra
- to the common Illiacs which give rise to internal and external illiacs and into the femoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Layers of the Abdominal Wall
anterior to posterior

Rectus Sheath & Arcuate Line

A

Skin
Camper’s Fascia (adipose tissue)
Scarpa’s Fascia (well defined line of connective tissue)
Anterior Sheath (of the external obliques)
External Obliques
Internal Obliques
Transverse Abdominis
Rectus Abdomnis (the six pack)
Posterior Sheath
Peritoneum

_________________________________________

The Rectus Sheath: the aponeruoses (coming together) of the fasica from each of the muscular layers
- this sheath (thick, connectice tissue) comes together but spreads to engulf the rectus abdominis
- creating anterior rectus sheath and posterior rectus sheath at the level above the arucate line

Below the Arucuate Line
- the rectus sheath only traverses anterior to the rectus abdominus muscles
- only an anterior rectus sheath, no posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood Supply to the Anterior Abdominal Wall

Nerve Supply to the Anterior Abdominal Wall

A

Components Superfiscial to the External Obliques
- the subcu. tissue is supplied by small branches of the femoral artery

Components Deep to the External Obliques
- superior deep epigastric from the internal thoracic
- inferior deep epigastric from the external iliac

___________________________________

Nerve Supply: to the wall comes from intercostal nerves 7-12
- these are often damanged in surgery due to cutting = numb
- grow back 1mm/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Esophagus
- components
- where is it anatomically
- musculature features
- sphincters

A

Esophagus
- passing from the pharynx into the stomach through the actions of swallowing and peristalsis

Muscles
- the superior 1/3 is skeletal striated muscle: allowing for voluntary control of swallowing
- the inferior 2/3 are smooth allowing for involuntary peristalsis to propel the bolus

Anatomical Location
- sits behind (posterior) to the trachea, behind the aorta
- travels down behind the left mainstem bronchus
- (so it sits a little to the left and back)
- it passes through the diaphgram at the level of T10 via esophageal hiatus

Sphincters
- upper (UES): sits in a consistent state of contraction to block air from enters & block food from exiting swallowing reflex opens up the UES
- swallowing =triggers peristalsis activity to occur
- lower (LES): sits at the exit of the esophagus into stomach and relaxes for 5-10 seconds when swallowing occurs to allow food to propel into it
- issues with LES = GERD
- schatzki ring: a narrowing of the LES via cartilagous ring = dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Esophagus
- Nerve Supply
- Blood Supply
- Veins & singnificance with portal HTN

A

Nerve Supply
- vagus nerve (swallowing/eating is a parasymp.)

Blood Supply
Superior: esophageal branches off the internal thyroid (which comes from the left subclavian)

Inferior: bronchial and esophageal arteries off the thoracic aorta

Veins
- esophageal branches of coronary veins drain to the portal vein
- thus if back up in the portal vein & portal HTN => backflow to the esophageal veins and esophageal varices develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Stomach
- Functions
- anatomical parts

A

Anatomical
- cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Antrum
- pylorus
- greater and lesser curvatures

Function
- a resovior that allows foor to enter and sit in resorvoir for hours
- food is mised and delivered into the duodenum in small amounts once at tehrigth texture and chemical compoudn
- first stages of protein and early carbohydrate digestion occur here
- some, but not many, nutrients are absorbed here
- functions through its own electical pacemaker in the fundus to coordinate perstalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Stomach
- innervation
- blood supply

A

Innervation
- vagus nerve
- + its own regualtion of peristalsis

Blood Supply
- the greater curvature: gastro-omental artery (right and left)
- the lesser curature: right and left gastric arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Small Intestine: Duodenum
function
location

A

Duodenum
- the first and shortest segment of teh SI
- connected to the stomach through the pylorus

Function
- chemical digestion of chyme from the GB/liver in prearation to absorb
- absorbs iron here

Issues
- pyloritc stenosis: cant exit stomach
- peptic ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Small Intestines: Jejunum & Illeum
Function
Location

A

Jejum
Location
- the Ligament of Treitz is the bend of the jejum : connecting the duodenuno-jejunal flexure to connective tissue near the SMA

Function
- microvilli to help absorbtion of nutrients
- smooth muslce for perstalsis

Illeum
- the termianal location of the SI
- B12 and bile salts absorbed here
- longest segemnet of the SI
- cannt absorb B12 = darrhea and deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SI
innervation & blood supply

A

Innervation
- sympatheic (would slow it down) = splancnic nerves
- parasympathetic = vagus (speed it up)

Blood Supply
- superior mesenteric artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Large Intestines
- which parts are retro and interaperotineal
- layers of the LI

A

Parts
- cecum (retro)
- acending colon (retro)
- transverse colon (intraperitoneal)
- decending colon (retro)
- sigmoid colon (intraperitoneal)
- rectum

Layers of the large Intestine
- Mucosa: the innermost layer in direct contact with the bolus
- Submucosa: the plexus is here
- Muscularis Propria: the muscular layer which shortesn
- when the muscularis propria shortens: creates outpunches creating haustra
- serosa : outermost layer
- taenia coli: longitundianl muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Large Intestines
- function
- absorbs what
- motlitity

A

Large Intestine

Function & Absorbtion
- absorb, secrete, motility and digestion

Absorbs
- 90% of water is reabsorbed here and sodium
- fatty acids, amino acids, vit. K & Bile acids absorbed

Secretes
- hydrogen, bicarb, chloride and potassium ions

Motility
- motlity increases with stress, eating, high fiber and exercise

Enteric Nervous System
- coordination of the motility for the LI in differnt ways
- retrograde = annular contractions in the RIGHT COLON to keep the stool in the right side and absorb more
- segmentations; randome uncorridanted contractions to propel feces prox and distal
- mass movement: strong and coordinated to start proximal and propel colonic contents distally

Gastrocolic Reflex: activation of the colonic motor in response to a meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Large Intestine
innervation
blood supply

A

Innervation
- superior mesenteric plexus : controls cecum, acending colon, appendiz and transverse colon
- inferior mesenteric plexus: Left colic flexture, controls decenidng, sigmoid, and rectum

Blood Supply = SMA and IMA
superior mesenteric artery gives supply to the Acending and transverse colon
- acending = right colic artey + ileocecal artery
- transverse = middle colic artery + marginal artery

inferior mesenteris artery give supply to the decending and sigmoid colon
- Decending = left colic artery & sigmoid arteris
- sigmoid = sigmoid arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rectum
where and function of defication

A

Rectum
- between colon and anus
- absent taenia coli

Defication
- feces stretch the rectum - stretch receptors pick up on this => triggerrs rectoanal reflex => relaxation of interal anal sphincter = mucosal sample in the transition zone & defication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Appendix
location
finding insurgery

A

Appendix
- a pouch-like structure that sits attached to the cecum
- the taeniae of the colon all converge here at its base
- freely mobile but can be fixed behind the cecum
- function is unknown

17
Q

Omentum
what is it
why is it important
Greater v Lesser

A

Omentum

What is it
- higehr vascularized adipose and lymph tissue = considered a layer of teh peritoneum that surrounds the organs

What it does
- concentrates (moves) itself to areas of inflammation
- plays a roel in inflammation and immune regulation

Great Omentum
- from the greater curve of stoamch to the SI to cover them, then reattaches on the transverse colon

Lesser Omentum
- from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta hepatis
- thinner

18
Q

Pancreas
Blood Supply
innervation
Fuction (exo and endo)

A

Pancreas
Blood Supply
- branches from the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries

Innervation
- vagus and splanchnic nerves

Function
Exocrine: to release lipase and amylase : digestive enzymes which are stimaulted by CCK and secretin from teh duodeuml; aid in digestion

Endocrine: release insulin from beta cells & glucagon from alpha cells in the absence of insulin/glucose in teh blood

19
Q

Peritoneum v Retroperitoneal Space

A

Peritoneum
- a thin serous membrane which lines the abdomnial cavity: allows for frictionless movement and smooth movement of organs
- possible wound healing role

Retroperitoneal Space
- a space behind the peritoneum

Organs here
- IVC
- Abdominal Arota
- Kidenys & their supply
- adrenal glands
- ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- cecum//acending and decending colon

20
Q

Spleen
blood supply
Function (white v red pulp)

A

Spleen
Blood
- splenic artery

Function : a higly vascualrized LUQ organ
White Pulp: the immune function: largest collection of lymphoid tissue in body

Red Pulp: filters erythrocytes from teh blood
- recycles iron
- every RBC passes here
- the abnormal cells are trapped and eaten by macrophages
- stores up to 30% of platlets

splenomeg: red pulp expands and blood floow becomes circular

21
Q

Biliary System
organs and function

Gallbladder

Blood supply

A

Biliar System
- gallbladder
- liver
- bile ducts

Function
- make and store bile for digestion

____________________________________

Gallbladder
- stores bile sitting under the liver : concetrates it
- whe CCK is release: it releases its contents through phincter into duodenum

Blood Supply to the Biliary System
- celiac trunk gives off the common hepatic to the proper hepatic, to the cystic (GB) then the left, right and middle hepatic arteries

22
Q

Ampulla of Vater And Sphincter of Oddi

A

Ampulla of Vader
- union of pancreatic duct and common bile duct coming together right near the duodenum

common location of carcinomas and obstruction of bile = jaundice

Sphincter of Oddi
- the muscular valve which controls the flow of teh pancreatic jucies and bile through the ampulla into the seconda part of the duodenum

23
Q

Kidneys
function
blood
anatomy

Ureters

A

Kidneys
Blood = renal arteris

Anatomy
- sit retroperitoneal –> with the outer cortex (secretory) and inner medulla (excretory)

Function
- to flter blood and make urine to elimate waste, electrolyte balances and maintain pH

Ureters
- connect the kidenys to the bladder: msuclar fibiers that perstalsis the fluid

24
Q

Bladder
Function
Blood and Nerves

A

Bladder
- hollow muscular urine reservoir
- smooth muslce = detrusor

Innervation
- parasymp: to relax = pevlic plexus
- sympath: hypogastric/pelvic
- stretch receptors singal parasymp. relaxation to contract detrusor and expel urine through the urethra

Space of Retizus: ezxtraperitoneal space between pubic sympysis and urinary bladder (trauma = blood pool)

25
Q

Female Repro.
Uterus and Ovaries
- wall layers

Breast
- function
- anatomy

A

Uterus
- house the fertilzied egg
- perimetrium (thin external layer)
- myometrium (smooth muscle)
- endometrium (mucousal linning innermost thatn thickens/changes during mesntration)

Ovaries
- produce the egg

Breast
- function = milk production
anatomy
- glandualr tissue and fat
- anchore to the pectoralis major muslce by Cooper’s Ligaments = strech = sag
- Tail of Spence: aspect of breast tissue that runs to axilla (cancer can spread here)

26
Q

Breast

Blood Supply
Nerves

A

Blood Supply
- internal mammary perforators
- lateral thoracic artery
- throacoacromial artery

Nerves
- T3-T5
- upper outer: gets innervation from superclavicaular cervical plexus

27
Q

Chest Wall
function
skeletal components
blood supply
innervation

A

Chest Wall

Function
- airtight cavity, cone-shaped
- protective; ventilation of expansion to create negative pressure and pull air in (diaphgram flattens and ribs expand out) (stress = accessory muscles)
- expiration: mostly pasive recoil of muslce
- covered in pleural membrane

Skeletal Components
- manubrium, sternum and xiphoid
- 12 ribs
- thoracic vertebrae

Blood Supply
- intercostal/internal thoracic arteries

Innervation
- intercoastal nerves

28
Q

Muscles of the Chest Wall

A
  • intercostal muscles
  • pectoralis major and minor
  • serratus anterior
  • subclavius, latissimus doris, seratus posterior sup and inf. and the abd. wall muscles
29
Q

Bronchopulmonary Tree
lungs and lobes
blood

A

Bronchopulmonary tree
trachea = mainste bronchi (L and R) to the branches

Right Lung = 3 lobes
- major/oblique fissure
- minor fissure

Left Lung = 2 lobes
- oblique fissure

Blood
- pulmonary arteires = transmit the dooxy blood from right ventricle to ocygenate
- direct blood supply = bronchial arteries