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Case 2 > Review of Reproductive Physiology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Review of Reproductive Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The total number of oocytes is present and birth and decreases during life

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2
Q

When is maturation of oocytes stimulated

A

At puberty

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3
Q

When is oogenesis arrested

A

In diplotene phase of meiotic prophase

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4
Q

What is the hilum

A

Where blood vessels enter/ exit

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5
Q

What is the medulla

A

Vascularised loose connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the cortex composed of

A

Ovarian follicles and dense irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

What are germ cells

A

Ovarian follicles

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8
Q

What is the stroma

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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9
Q

Where do ovarian follicles start to develop

A

In the stroma

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10
Q

What is the dense irregular connective tissue in the cortex made up of

A

Collagen

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11
Q

What is the tunica albugenia

A

A layer of connective tissue underlying the germinal epithelium, it is a white fibrous outer layer

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12
Q

Where is the germinal epithelium

A

On the outside

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13
Q

What is the germinal epithelium

A

Modified visceral peritoneum

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14
Q

What does collagen provide

A

Structural support

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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of ovarian cancer

A

Epithelial, germ cell and stromal

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16
Q

What is the most common ovarian cancer

A

Epithelial

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17
Q

What is the uterine tube

A

A smooth muscle tube

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18
Q

How does the uterine tube contract

A

Via peristalsis

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19
Q

What is the site of fertilisation

A

The uterine tube

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20
Q

Where are the fimbriae located

A

At the end of the infundibulum

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21
Q

What are fimbriae and what is their function

A

They are finger like structures which pick up the oocyte

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22
Q

Describe the ampulla

A

It is wide, convoluted and has a thin wall

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23
Q

Where precisely does fertilization ususally take place

A

In the ampulla

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24
Q

Descrive the isthmus

A

It is narrow, straight and has a thick wall

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25
Q

How does the isthmus contract

A

Via peristalsis

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26
Q

What is the function of the isthmus

A

It contracts via peristalsis projecting the spermatozoa towards the oocyte and the oocyte/ zygote towards the uterus

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27
Q

What is the last part of the uterine tube

A

The intramural

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28
Q

Describe the epithelium of the uterine tube

A

Highly convoluted with many mucosal folds to increase the surface area of epithelium

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29
Q

Why does the uterine tube need epithelium need to have a large surface area

A

To increase the surface area in contact with the oocyte/zygote and to control the movement of the oocyte/zygote

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30
Q

Compare the wall of the ampulla to the wall of ths isthmus

A

The ampulla has a thinner wall compared to the thick wall of the isthmus

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31
Q

What kind of epithelium do the uterine tubes have

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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32
Q

What 2 types of cells make up the epithelium of the uterine tubes

A

Secretory (peg) and ciliated

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33
Q

Describe the function of the secretory cells

A

Watery secretion for gamete nourishment

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34
Q

Describe the ciliated cells

A

Alter in height during menstruation

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35
Q

What effect do microorganisms such as chlamydia trachomatis have on the cilia and structure of the epithelium

A

The cilia are unable to move oocytes down the uterine tube and therefore result in an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy/ sterility

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36
Q

What is the uterus comprised of

A

The body, fundus and cervix (neck)

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37
Q

Where is para/perimetrium located

A

At the top of the uterus

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38
Q

What is para/perimetrium

A

Visceral peritoneum

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39
Q

Where is myometrium located

A

In the body of the uterus

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40
Q

What is myometrium

A

A network of interwoven smooth muscle and connection tissue

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41
Q

Describe the key features of the myometrium

A

The myometrium is able to respond to hormones which results in hypertrophy/ hyperplasia (increase in size and no. of cells to accommodate the increase in the size of the foetus and project the foeuts during childbirth) during childbirth

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42
Q

In the lead up/ during childbirth what hormones control the myometrium

A

Prevented (inhibited) by relaxin and stimulated by oxytocin

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43
Q

What and where is the endometrium

A

It is the outer most layer in the body of the uterus

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44
Q

Describe the key features of the endometrium

A

It is shed and rebuilt during the menstrual cycle and is the location where the zygote imbeds itself and the placenta develops from

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45
Q

Where are submucosal uterine fibroids located

A

Between the endometrium and myometrium

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46
Q

Where are intramural uterine fibroids located

A

Within the myometrium

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47
Q

Where are subserosal uterine fibroids located

A

Between the myometrium and parametrium

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48
Q

Where are pudunculated uterine fibroids located

A

Often in the fundus or within the cavity, sometimes in the vagina

49
Q

What can all uterine fibroids cause issues with if too big

A

Urination and defecation

50
Q

What are the two types of stratum in the epithelium of the uterus

A

Stratum basalis and stratum functionalis

51
Q

Describe stratum basalis

A

It remains at all times

52
Q

Describe stratum functionalis

A

It is shed during menstruation

53
Q

Which stratum is shed during menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis

54
Q

What is located in the stratum basalis

A

The endometrial glands, vascular connective tissue and spiral arteries

55
Q

What is a key feature of the stratum basalis

A

It is highly vascular

56
Q

What do the endometrial glands produce

A

Glycogen

57
Q

What is the small hole in the center of the cervix called

A

External os

58
Q

What is the function of the external os

A

It is how the cervical cavity communicated with the vagina

59
Q

What are the two types of endometrium the cerix contains

A

Endocervix and ectocervix

60
Q

Describe the endocervix

A

It lines the inside of the cervix and is composed of simple columnar cells and crypts which are mucus secreting cells

61
Q

What does oestrogen do to the mucus in the cervix

A

Decreases the viscosity of the mucus

62
Q

Describe the ectocervix

A

It is stratified squamous non-keratinised and is continuous with the vagina

63
Q

Why does the vagina require stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

A

To protect it from abrasion that occurs during sexual intercourse

64
Q

What is the junction between the two types of epithlial cells in the cervix called

A

The squamocolumnar junction

65
Q

Describe the squamocolumnar junction

A

It is a transformational zone as dysplasia (cellular change) occurs here. It can move to outside the cervix during different stages of development

66
Q

Describe primordial follicles

A

Enclosed by a single layer of flattened pre-granulosa cells and basal lamina

67
Q

When is development of the primordial follicles stimulated

A

At puberty and then every fertile month

68
Q

What do the primordial follicles develop into

A

Primary follicles

69
Q

Describe a unilayered primary follicle

A

Oocyte enlarges and granulosa cells increase in size and become cuboidal

70
Q

What does the oocyte begin to produce

A

Zona pellucida

71
Q

What are the functions of zona pelludica

A

Produces glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It is important in binding of the spermatozoa

72
Q

Describe a multilayerd primary follicle

A

Granulosa cells increase in number and in thickness-stratified. The zona pellucida is assembled (fully developed) and stromal cells begin to form the theca

73
Q

How is the theca formed

A

Stromal cells begin to form concentric layers around the follicle

74
Q

How do zona pelludica communicate with eachother

A

Via gap junctions

75
Q

What does GnRH stand for

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

76
Q

Where is GnRH produced

A

The hypothalamus

77
Q

How does GnRH reach the pituitary gland

A

Travels via the portal vein

78
Q

What does GnRH stimulate

A

Rlease of LH and FSH in the pituitary gland

79
Q

What does FSH stimulate

A

Follicle development

80
Q

Describe a secondary follicle

A

Spaces develop containing follicular fluid which coalesce to form a cavity, there are 2 layers of ovarian stroma, theca cells, granulosa cells

81
Q

What are the two layers of the ovarian stroma

A

Theca interna and theca externa

82
Q

Describe the theca interna

A

Large steroid hormone producing cell (used in the production of oestrogen)

83
Q

Describe the theca externa

A

Small compact cells continuous with the stroma

84
Q

What do thecal cells produce and what then happens to this product

A

Produce steroids which are converted via granulosa cells into oestrogen

85
Q

What do granulosa cells express

A

FSH and oestrogen receptors

86
Q

What does oestrogen stimulate

A

Further granulosa development and therefore its own production (+ve feedback on itself)

87
Q

What stimulates the production of oestrogen

A

FSH, oestrogen is released by granulsa cells and stimulated its own production via +ve feedback

88
Q

What does moderate levels of oestrogen in the blood do

A

Inhibits FSH secretion and GnRH), yet the tonic secretion of LH is unaffected

89
Q

What happens to the uterus during the proliferative phase

A

Oestrogen produced by the developing follicles increases the thickness of the endometrium, proliferation of the stratum basalis to form the stratum functionalis, straight endometrial glands elongate and spiral arteries elongate in the highly vascular stroma

90
Q

Which days encompass the proliferative phase

A

Day 6-14

91
Q

Describe the Graafian (tertiary) follicle

A

Contains an antrum which is a large, fluid filled cavity and an oocyte which a thick zona pellucida and the oocyte is surrounded by crona radiata

92
Q

What is the function of the corona radiata

A

Provides nutrients

93
Q

What is another name for the tertiary follicle

A

Graafian follicle

94
Q

At which stage is the follicle ready for ovulation

A

Once it has become a Graafian (tertiary) follicle

95
Q

What do high oestrogen levels cause

A

A surge in LH

96
Q

What stimulates ovulation

A

A surge in LH

97
Q

What does a surge in LH stimulate

A

Ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

98
Q

On which day does ovulation usually occur

A

Day 14

99
Q

What causes a stigma

A

The mature follicle protruding onto the surface of the ovary

100
Q

What does LH stimulate specifically in the follicle

A

Proteolytic activity in the theca externa and tunica albuginea causing the ovum to be expelled into the entrance of the uterine tube

101
Q

What does LH break down

A

The surface layer of the uterine tube resulting in the oocyre being expelled from the ovary

102
Q

How does the corpus luteum form

A

LH stimulates the transformation of follicular cells into the corpus luteum. LH stimulates the transformation of granulosa cells into corpus luteum (lutinisation)-LH receptors

103
Q

Why is the corpus luteum yellow

A

There is lipid in the cells

104
Q

What are the two endocrine glands in the corpus luteum

A

Granulosa cells and theca externa cells

105
Q

What do granulosa cells in the corpus luteum secrete

A

Progesterone

106
Q

What do theca externa cells in the corpus luteum secrete

A

Oestrogen

107
Q

What stimulates progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum

A

LH

108
Q

When does the secretory/ progesteronal phase occur

A

Day 14-25

109
Q

What happens during the secretory/ progesteronal phase

A

The stroma is at it’s most vascular, glands become tortuous (saw toothed)

110
Q

What is the role of progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum

A

It thickens the endometrium for

111
Q

What features occur in the stroma when it is at its most vascular

A

Coiled (spiral) arteries which pass all the way throughout the length of the endometrium

112
Q

When do gland become saw toothed

A

In the secretory phase

113
Q

What do glands produce in the secretory phase and why

A

Produce thick glycogen-rich product which is released for nourishment of the developing blastocyte

114
Q

What do high levels of progesterone do

A

Inhibit LH and FSH release

115
Q

When does the corpus albicans form

A

Day 25

116
Q

How does the corpus albicans form

A

Loss of LH leads to the involution (leutrolysis) of the corpus luteum and decreased progesterone secretion. Cells are replaced by collagen. A fibrous ovoid structure remains which is a corpus albicans ‘white body’

117
Q

Why is the corpus albicans white

A

Due to the collagen

118
Q

What happens during menstruation

A

Absence of progesterone secretion from corpus luteum results in contraction of spiral arteries in ischaemia, degeneration of the stratum funcionalis, shed as menses

119
Q

Why does contraction of the spiral arteries in ischaemia occur

A

Not enough blood supply to functionalis layer therefore it it shed

Case 2 (8 decks)

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