Review of Men's and Women's Pathophysiology Flashcards
What is produced in the gonads?
germ cells (gametogenesis)
What are types of gametogenesis?
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
What are secreted from the gonads?
Sex hormones:
Androgens
Estrogens
What do androgen do the testes secrete?
Testosterone
What estrogens do the ovaries secrete?
Estrogen and progesterone
What regulates gonadotropins?
Hypothalmic GnRH
What are the two kinds of gonadotropins?
FSH
LH
What does FSH do in females?
Regulates ovarian follicle development
Stimulates ovarian estrogen production
What does FSH do in males?
Stimulates seminiferous tubule development
Regulates spermatogenesis
What does LH do in females?
Mediates ovulation
Maintenance of the corpus luteum
What does LH do in males?
Induces Leydig cell testosterone synthesis and secretion
What is the penis made up of?
Erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum)
What is the urethra?
Connects urinary bladder to external genitalia
What regulates the temperature of the sperm?
Scrotum
What is the scrotum?
External sac contains testes and epididymis
What temperature does the scrotum keep the sperm at?
89.6F
What is the site of spermatogenesis and sex hormone production?
Testes
What is the epididymis?
Ducts in the testes that store sperm during the maturation process
What does the vas deferens connect?
Epididymis to urethra
What does the prostate surround?
Urethera
What does the prostate secrete?
Milky fluid that contributes to the bulk of semen
Where is the seminal vesicle located?
Base of the bladder
What does the seminal vesicle do?
Empty secretions (along with sperm) into the ejactulatory duct during emission and ejaculation Secretions add to the volume of the sperm
What is the principle hormone of the testes?
Testosterone
Where is testosterone synthesized?
Leydig cells
What is testosterone synthesized from?
Cholesterol
What are the organs and hormones involved in testosterone synthesis?
Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> pituitary -> LH -> testes -> testosterone
What type of feed back is used when testosterone is too high?
Negative
What are the functions of testosterone?
Sex organ development (embryonic development)
Development of secondary sex characteristics (puberty)
Sperm production, stimulation of libido and normal sexual function, and maintenance of muscle and bone mass (adulthood)
What blood vessel is needed for initiation of an erection?
Arterioles of the penis
What does the erectile tissue fill with during an erection?
Blood
What type of nerve impulses occur during an erection?
Parasympathetic (spinal cord -> penis)
What gas is formed during an erection?
NO
What organo-phosphate is increased during an erection?
cGMP
What is cGMP?
Potent vasodilator
What are the parts of the spinal reflex in ejaculation?
Emission
Ejaculation
What happens during emission?
Movement of semen into urethra
What happens during ejaculation?
Propulsion of semen from urethra at time of orgasm
What is in semen?
Contain sperm and other secretions
What is the average volume of semen per ejaculate?
2.5-3.5mL
How much sperm is in 1mL of semen?
100 million sperm
What is sloughed off during menstruation?
Endometrium
Where is the vagina?
Inferior region of the birth canal
What is the cervix?
Outlet that projects into the vagina
What is the uterus?
A hollow organ that functions to receive and nourish a fertilized oocyte until birth
What does the fallopian tubes connect?
Ovaries and uterus
What are fimbriae?
Fingerlike projections in the fallopian tubes
What are fimbriae used for?
Help move the oocyte down the uterine cavity
What are the naturally occurring estrogens?
Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol
What are the organs and hormones that control estrogen production?
Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> Pituitary -> FSH -> estrogens
What kind of feedback mechanism occurs if levels of estrogen are too high?
Negative
What are the sources of estrogen during pre-menopause?
Ovaries
Adrenal gland
Adipose tissue
What are the sources of estrogen during post-menopause?
Adipose tissue
Adrenal gland
What are the functions of estrogen?
Sex organ development Expression of secondary sexual characteristics Pregnancy maintenance Prevents osteoporosis Enhance the coagulability of blood
What secondary characteristics does estrogen control?
Development of ductile system in breasts
Breast enlargement at puberty
How does estrogen prevent osteoporosis?
Inhibits stimulatory effects of certain cytokines on osteoclasts
What organ controls proestrogen secretion?
Ovaries
What type of feedback controls progesterone secretion?
Negative
What are the functions of progesterone?
Expression of secondary sexual characteristics
Slows GnRH pulse frequency (transition between phases in the menstrual cycle)
Pregnancy maintenance
Increases basal body temperature
What are the stages of the ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle?
Secondary Antral Dominant Ovulation Corpus luteum Corpus albicans
What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
What does the estrogen graph look like during the menstrual cycle?
Slow increase until dominant follicle (exaggerated peak just after)
Immediate drop before ovulation
Raises close to peak at the beginning of corpus luteum then moderate decline
What does the progesterone graph look like during the menstrual cycle?
0 then rises during ovulation, peaks in the middle of corpus luteum, then decreases back to 0 after corpus albicans
When does vaginal bleeding occur?
Shedding of the urine mucosa
When does the follicular phase occur?
Days 6-14
Starts after menses
What does FSH cause?
Follicles in the ovaries to grow
Dominate follicle to release ovum on day 14
What does increased estrogen cause?
Growth and thickening of the endometrium
What hormone surges during ovulation?
LH -> ovum released from follicle
When does the luteal phase start?
Days 15-28
Starts after ovulation
How is the corpus luteum formed?
From the ruptured follicle
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Estrogen and progesterone
What does increased progesterone do?
Prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
Persists and continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
Corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue (corpus albicans)
What happens due to decrease in progesterone?
Induces endometrial shedding
What is the definition of puberty?
Endocrine and gametogenic functions of the gonads have developed to the point where reproduction is possible
What is thelarche?
Breast development
What is pubarche (adrenarche) in women?
Public and axillary hair development
What is menarche?
First menstrual period
What is adrenarche in men?
Secretion of adrena androgens
What does adrenarche cause in men?
Development of secondary sex characteristics
What happens to the ovaries during menopause?
Become unresponsive to gonadotropins with advanced age
What hormones are decreased during menopause?
Estrogen and progesterone
What happens to the uterus and vagina during menopause?
Gradually becomes atrophic