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Men's and Women's Health > Review of Men's and Women's Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Review of Men's and Women's Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced in the gonads?

A

germ cells (gametogenesis)

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2
Q

What are types of gametogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

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3
Q

What are secreted from the gonads?

A

Sex hormones:
Androgens
Estrogens

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4
Q

What do androgen do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

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5
Q

What estrogens do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

What regulates gonadotropins?

A

Hypothalmic GnRH

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7
Q

What are the two kinds of gonadotropins?

A

FSH

LH

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8
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

Regulates ovarian follicle development

Stimulates ovarian estrogen production

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9
Q

What does FSH do in males?

A

Stimulates seminiferous tubule development

Regulates spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

Mediates ovulation

Maintenance of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

Induces Leydig cell testosterone synthesis and secretion

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12
Q

What is the penis made up of?

A

Erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum)

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13
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Connects urinary bladder to external genitalia

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14
Q

What regulates the temperature of the sperm?

A

Scrotum

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15
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

External sac contains testes and epididymis

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16
Q

What temperature does the scrotum keep the sperm at?

A

89.6F

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17
Q

What is the site of spermatogenesis and sex hormone production?

A

Testes

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18
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Ducts in the testes that store sperm during the maturation process

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19
Q

What does the vas deferens connect?

A

Epididymis to urethra

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20
Q

What does the prostate surround?

A

Urethera

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21
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Milky fluid that contributes to the bulk of semen

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22
Q

Where is the seminal vesicle located?

A

Base of the bladder

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23
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A 
Empty secretions (along with sperm) into the ejactulatory duct during emission and ejaculation
Secretions add to the volume of the sperm
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24
Q

What is the principle hormone of the testes?

A

Testosterone

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25
Q

Where is testosterone synthesized?

A

Leydig cells

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26
Q

What is testosterone synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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27
Q

What are the organs and hormones involved in testosterone synthesis?

A

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> pituitary -> LH -> testes -> testosterone

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28
Q

What type of feed back is used when testosterone is too high?

A

Negative

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29
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A

Sex organ development (embryonic development)
Development of secondary sex characteristics (puberty)
Sperm production, stimulation of libido and normal sexual function, and maintenance of muscle and bone mass (adulthood)

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30
Q

What blood vessel is needed for initiation of an erection?

A

Arterioles of the penis

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31
Q

What does the erectile tissue fill with during an erection?

A

Blood

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32
Q

What type of nerve impulses occur during an erection?

A

Parasympathetic (spinal cord -> penis)

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33
Q

What gas is formed during an erection?

A

NO

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34
Q

What organo-phosphate is increased during an erection?

A

cGMP

35
Q

What is cGMP?

A

Potent vasodilator

36
Q

What are the parts of the spinal reflex in ejaculation?

A

Emission

Ejaculation

37
Q

What happens during emission?

A

Movement of semen into urethra

38
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

Propulsion of semen from urethra at time of orgasm

39
Q

What is in semen?

A

Contain sperm and other secretions

40
Q

What is the average volume of semen per ejaculate?

A

2.5-3.5mL

41
Q

How much sperm is in 1mL of semen?

A

100 million sperm

42
Q

What is sloughed off during menstruation?

A

Endometrium

43
Q

Where is the vagina?

A

Inferior region of the birth canal

44
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Outlet that projects into the vagina

45
Q

What is the uterus?

A

A hollow organ that functions to receive and nourish a fertilized oocyte until birth

46
Q

What does the fallopian tubes connect?

A

Ovaries and uterus

47
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Fingerlike projections in the fallopian tubes

48
Q

What are fimbriae used for?

A

Help move the oocyte down the uterine cavity

49
Q

What are the naturally occurring estrogens?

A

Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol

50
Q

What are the organs and hormones that control estrogen production?

A

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> Pituitary -> FSH -> estrogens

51
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism occurs if levels of estrogen are too high?

A

Negative

52
Q

What are the sources of estrogen during pre-menopause?

A

Ovaries
Adrenal gland
Adipose tissue

53
Q

What are the sources of estrogen during post-menopause?

A

Adipose tissue

Adrenal gland

54
Q

What are the functions of estrogen?

A 
Sex organ development
Expression of secondary sexual characteristics
Pregnancy maintenance
Prevents osteoporosis
Enhance the coagulability of blood
55
Q

What secondary characteristics does estrogen control?

A

Development of ductile system in breasts

Breast enlargement at puberty

56
Q

How does estrogen prevent osteoporosis?

A

Inhibits stimulatory effects of certain cytokines on osteoclasts

57
Q

What organ controls proestrogen secretion?

A

Ovaries

58
Q

What type of feedback controls progesterone secretion?

A

Negative

59
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

Expression of secondary sexual characteristics
Slows GnRH pulse frequency (transition between phases in the menstrual cycle)
Pregnancy maintenance
Increases basal body temperature

60
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle?

A 
Secondary
Antral
Dominant
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
61
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

62
Q

What does the estrogen graph look like during the menstrual cycle?

A

Slow increase until dominant follicle (exaggerated peak just after)
Immediate drop before ovulation
Raises close to peak at the beginning of corpus luteum then moderate decline

63
Q

What does the progesterone graph look like during the menstrual cycle?

A

0 then rises during ovulation, peaks in the middle of corpus luteum, then decreases back to 0 after corpus albicans

64
Q

When does vaginal bleeding occur?

A

Shedding of the urine mucosa

65
Q

When does the follicular phase occur?

A

Days 6-14

Starts after menses

66
Q

What does FSH cause?

A

Follicles in the ovaries to grow

Dominate follicle to release ovum on day 14

67
Q

What does increased estrogen cause?

A

Growth and thickening of the endometrium

68
Q

What hormone surges during ovulation?

A

LH -> ovum released from follicle

69
Q

When does the luteal phase start?

A

Days 15-28

Starts after ovulation

70
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed?

A

From the ruptured follicle

71
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

72
Q

What does increased progesterone do?

A

Prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy

73
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

Persists and continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

A

Corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue (corpus albicans)

75
Q

What happens due to decrease in progesterone?

A

Induces endometrial shedding

76
Q

What is the definition of puberty?

A

Endocrine and gametogenic functions of the gonads have developed to the point where reproduction is possible

77
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Breast development

78
Q

What is pubarche (adrenarche) in women?

A

Public and axillary hair development

79
Q

What is menarche?

A

First menstrual period

80
Q

What is adrenarche in men?

A

Secretion of adrena androgens

81
Q

What does adrenarche cause in men?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics

82
Q

What happens to the ovaries during menopause?

A

Become unresponsive to gonadotropins with advanced age

83
Q

What hormones are decreased during menopause?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

84
Q

What happens to the uterus and vagina during menopause?

A

Gradually becomes atrophic

Men's and Women's Health (3 decks)

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