Review of Men's and Women's Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is produced in the gonads?

Answer 1

germ cells (gametogenesis)

Question 2

What are types of gametogenesis?

Answer 2

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Question 3

What are secreted from the gonads?

Answer 3

Sex hormones:
Androgens
Estrogens

Question 4

What do androgen do the testes secrete?

Answer 4

Testosterone

Question 5

What estrogens do the ovaries secrete?

Answer 5

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 6

What regulates gonadotropins?

Answer 6

Hypothalmic GnRH

Question 7

What are the two kinds of gonadotropins?

Answer 7

FSH

LH

Question 8

What does FSH do in females?

Answer 8

Regulates ovarian follicle development

Stimulates ovarian estrogen production

Question 9

What does FSH do in males?

Answer 9

Stimulates seminiferous tubule development

Regulates spermatogenesis

Question 10

What does LH do in females?

Answer 10

Mediates ovulation

Maintenance of the corpus luteum

Question 11

What does LH do in males?

Answer 11

Induces Leydig cell testosterone synthesis and secretion

Question 12

What is the penis made up of?

Answer 12

Erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum)

Question 13

What is the urethra?

Answer 13

Connects urinary bladder to external genitalia

Question 14

What regulates the temperature of the sperm?

Answer 14

Scrotum

Question 15

What is the scrotum?

Answer 15

External sac contains testes and epididymis

Question 16

What temperature does the scrotum keep the sperm at?

Answer 16

89.6F

Question 17

What is the site of spermatogenesis and sex hormone production?

Answer 17

Testes

Question 18

What is the epididymis?

Answer 18

Ducts in the testes that store sperm during the maturation process

Question 19

What does the vas deferens connect?

Answer 19

Epididymis to urethra

Question 20

What does the prostate surround?

Answer 20

Urethera

Question 21

What does the prostate secrete?

Answer 21

Milky fluid that contributes to the bulk of semen

Question 22

Where is the seminal vesicle located?

Answer 22

Base of the bladder

Question 23

What does the seminal vesicle do?

Answer 23

Empty secretions (along with sperm) into the ejactulatory duct during emission and ejaculation
Secretions add to the volume of the sperm

Question 24

What is the principle hormone of the testes?

Answer 24

Testosterone

Question 25

Where is testosterone synthesized?

Answer 25

Leydig cells

Question 26

What is testosterone synthesized from?

Answer 26

Cholesterol

Question 27

What are the organs and hormones involved in testosterone synthesis?

Answer 27

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> pituitary -> LH -> testes -> testosterone

Question 28

What type of feed back is used when testosterone is too high?

Answer 28

Negative

Question 29

What are the functions of testosterone?

Answer 29

Sex organ development (embryonic development) Development of secondary sex characteristics (puberty) Sperm production, stimulation of libido and normal sexual function, and maintenance of muscle and bone mass (adulthood)

Question 30

What blood vessel is needed for initiation of an erection?

Answer 30

Arterioles of the penis

Question 31

What does the erectile tissue fill with during an erection?

Answer 31

Blood

Question 32

What type of nerve impulses occur during an erection?

Answer 32

Parasympathetic (spinal cord -> penis)

Question 33

What gas is formed during an erection?

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

What organo-phosphate is increased during an erection?

Answer 34

cGMP

Question 35

What is cGMP?

Answer 35

Potent vasodilator

Question 36

What are the parts of the spinal reflex in ejaculation?

Answer 36

Emission | Ejaculation

Question 37

What happens during emission?

Answer 37

Movement of semen into urethra

Question 38

What happens during ejaculation?

Answer 38

Propulsion of semen from urethra at time of orgasm

Question 39

What is in semen?

Answer 39

Contain sperm and other secretions

Question 40

What is the average volume of semen per ejaculate?

Answer 40

2.5-3.5mL

Question 41

How much sperm is in 1mL of semen?

Answer 41

100 million sperm

Question 42

What is sloughed off during menstruation?

Answer 42

Endometrium

Question 43

Where is the vagina?

Answer 43

Inferior region of the birth canal

Question 44

What is the cervix?

Answer 44

Outlet that projects into the vagina

Question 45

What is the uterus?

Answer 45

A hollow organ that functions to receive and nourish a fertilized oocyte until birth

Question 46

What does the fallopian tubes connect?

Answer 46

Ovaries and uterus

Question 47

What are fimbriae?

Answer 47

Fingerlike projections in the fallopian tubes

Question 48

What are fimbriae used for?

Answer 48

Help move the oocyte down the uterine cavity

Question 49

What are the naturally occurring estrogens?

Answer 49

Estradiol Estrone Estriol

Question 50

What are the organs and hormones that control estrogen production?

Answer 50

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> Pituitary -> FSH -> estrogens

Question 51

What kind of feedback mechanism occurs if levels of estrogen are too high?

Answer 51

Negative

Question 52

What are the sources of estrogen during pre-menopause?

Answer 52

Ovaries Adrenal gland Adipose tissue

Question 53

What are the sources of estrogen during post-menopause?

Answer 53

Adipose tissue | Adrenal gland

Question 54

What are the functions of estrogen?

Answer 54

``` Sex organ development Expression of secondary sexual characteristics Pregnancy maintenance Prevents osteoporosis Enhance the coagulability of blood ```

Question 55

What secondary characteristics does estrogen control?

Answer 55

Development of ductile system in breasts | Breast enlargement at puberty

Question 56

How does estrogen prevent osteoporosis?

Answer 56

Inhibits stimulatory effects of certain cytokines on osteoclasts

Question 57

What organ controls proestrogen secretion?

Answer 57

Ovaries

Question 58

What type of feedback controls progesterone secretion?

Answer 58

Negative

Question 59

What are the functions of progesterone?

Answer 59

Expression of secondary sexual characteristics Slows GnRH pulse frequency (transition between phases in the menstrual cycle) Pregnancy maintenance Increases basal body temperature

Question 60

What are the stages of the ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 60

``` Secondary Antral Dominant Ovulation Corpus luteum Corpus albicans ```

Question 61

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 61

Follicular phase | Luteal phase

Question 62

What does the estrogen graph look like during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 62

Slow increase until dominant follicle (exaggerated peak just after) Immediate drop before ovulation Raises close to peak at the beginning of corpus luteum then moderate decline

Question 63

What does the progesterone graph look like during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 63

0 then rises during ovulation, peaks in the middle of corpus luteum, then decreases back to 0 after corpus albicans

Question 64

When does vaginal bleeding occur?

Answer 64

Shedding of the urine mucosa

Question 65

When does the follicular phase occur?

Answer 65

Days 6-14 | Starts after menses

Question 66

What does FSH cause?

Answer 66

Follicles in the ovaries to grow | Dominate follicle to release ovum on day 14

Question 67

What does increased estrogen cause?

Answer 67

Growth and thickening of the endometrium

Question 68

What hormone surges during ovulation?

Answer 68

LH -> ovum released from follicle

Question 69

When does the luteal phase start?

Answer 69

Days 15-28 | Starts after ovulation

Question 70

How is the corpus luteum formed?

Answer 70

From the ruptured follicle

Question 71

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 71

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 72

What does increased progesterone do?

Answer 72

Prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy

Question 73

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

Answer 73

Persists and continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 74

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

Answer 74

Corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue (corpus albicans)

Question 75

What happens due to decrease in progesterone?

Answer 75

Induces endometrial shedding

Question 76

What is the definition of puberty?

Answer 76

Endocrine and gametogenic functions of the gonads have developed to the point where reproduction is possible

Question 77

What is thelarche?

Answer 77

Breast development

Question 78

What is pubarche (adrenarche) in women?

Answer 78

Public and axillary hair development

Question 79

What is menarche?

Answer 79

First menstrual period

Question 80

What is adrenarche in men?

Answer 80

Secretion of adrena androgens

Question 81

What does adrenarche cause in men?

Answer 81

Development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 82

What happens to the ovaries during menopause?

Answer 82

Become unresponsive to gonadotropins with advanced age

Question 83

What hormones are decreased during menopause?

Answer 83

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 84

What happens to the uterus and vagina during menopause?

Answer 84

Gradually becomes atrophic