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NURS 2820U > Review of Hemodynamics, Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Vasodilators - Cardiac 1 > Flashcards

Review of Hemodynamics, Drugs Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Vasodilators - Cardiac 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hemodynamics?

A

Study of the movement of blood throughout the circulatory system, along with the regulatory mechanisms and driving forces involved.

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2
Q

What is the circulatory 2 main functions?

A
  1. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and other essentials to cells
  2. Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from cells
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3
Q

What is the circulatory system 2 main divisions?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation delivers blood to the lungs.
  2. Systemic circulation or peripheral circulation delivers blood to all other organs and tissues.
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4
Q

How do arteries and veins differ in terms of distensibility?

A
  1. Arteries are muscular and do not stretch easily
  2. Veins are less muscular and much more distensible, allowing small increases in venous pressure
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5
Q

In an average adult, how is the cardiac output?

A

about 5 L/min

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6
Q

What is afterload?

A

The arterial pressure the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood.

Higher afterload decreases stroke volume.

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7
Q

What is preload?

A

Stretch of the ventricles caused by filling pressure.

More preload increases stroke volume.

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8
Q

What influences afterload?

A

Peripheral resistance, determined by arteriolar constriction or dilation, affects afterload.

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9
Q

What is Starling’s law?

A

States that the force of ventricular contraction is proportional to muscle fiber length.

More blood entering the heart increases the force of contraction, leading to more blood being pumped out.

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10
Q

What are the control systems of arterial pressure (AP)?

A

The ANS, RAAS, and kidneys control AP. The ANS acts quickly, RAAS works slowly, and kidneys control long-term AP.

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11
Q

How does the ANS regulate arterial pressure (AP)?

A

ANS adjusts heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel tone to regulate AP.

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12
Q

What role does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) play in controlling AP?

A

RAAS increases AP by constricting vessels and promoting water retention.

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13
Q

What is the function of natriuretic peptides in regulating AP?

A

reduce blood volume, dilate vessels, and promote fluid loss to lower AP.

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14
Q

: What causes first-dose hypotension with ACE inhibitors?

A

Widespread vasodilation from abrupt angiotensin II reduction.

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15
Q

How can first-dose hypotension be minimized?

A

Use a low initial dose, stop diuretics 2–3 days before, monitor BP, and lie down if hypotension occurs.

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16
Q

What causes cough in ACE inhibitors?

A

Accumulation of bradykinin due to kinase II inhibition.

17
Q

What increases the risk of ACE inhibitor-induced cough?

A

Advanced age, female sex, and Asian ancestry.

18
Q

Why do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia?

A

They inhibit aldosterone, leading to potassium retention.

19
Q

Why can ACE inhibitors cause renal failure?

A

Disrupt angiotensin II, reducing filtration in renal artery stenosis.

20
Q

What fatal injuries are linked to ACE inhibitors?

A

Hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal failure, skull and lung hypoplasia.

21
Q

What is angioedema and its treatment?

A

Severe swelling treated with epinephrine. ACE inhibitors must be stopped permanently.

22
Q

How do diuretics interact with ACE inhibitors?

A

Increase first-dose hypotension.

23
Q

How do NSAIDs affect ACE inhibitors?

A

Reduce their antihypertensive effect.

24
Q

What are ARBs used for?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke prevention, and cardiovascular event prevention.

25
Q

How do ARBs decrease angiotensin II influence?

A

By blocking angiotensin II receptors in blood vessels, adrenals, and tissues.

26
Q

What are ARBs’ effects on blood vessels?

A

Cause arterioles and veins to dilate.

27
Q

What class of drug is aliskiren?

A

Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor (DRI).

28
Q

How does aliskiren affect furosemide levels?

A

Aliskiren lowers furosemide levels.

29
Q

What is the therapeutic use of aliskiren?

A

Aliskiren is used to reduce blood pressure by inhibiting the RAAS system.

30
Q

For what condition is aliskiren approved?

A

Hypertension

31
Q

How long does it take for aliskiren to reach its maximal effects?

A

2 weeks

32
Q

What are the adverse effects of Aliskiren?

A

Angioedema and cough
Diarrhea, abdominal pain and dyspepsia
Hyperkalemia
Fetal injury or death

NURS 2820U (4 decks)

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