Review of General Chemistry Flashcards
Inorganic Chemistry
pretty much everything else other than carbon
not mostly C or H
Organic Chemistry
the study of carbon containing molecules
usually our bioactive carbons
- preparation of larger molecules from small molecules (synthesis)
- reactivity
- physical/ chemical properties of molecules
What are some traits that carbon can encapsulate?
- the carbon atom can form 4 carbon atoms
-carbon atoms can form chains and rings - carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds
What does the bonding and structure of organic chemistry intel?
- contains constitutional isomers
- Atoms are commonly bonded to carbon including N, O, H and halides (F,Cl, Br, I) and sometimes S
- they have different shapes that make them link up
Constitutional isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
Covalent bond
-two atoms that she a pair of electrons
Attractive forces
the forces that connect positively charged nucleus + electron
Repulsive forces
the forces that connect negatively charged electon to another negatively charged electron
As bond strength ________________, bond length ____________
increases; decreases
Lewis Dot Structures
a convenient way too show molecule’s connectivity
What are some exceptions to the octet rule?
- Not all atoms have a complete valence shell and are short of an octet
-can happen when there isn’t enough valance electrons or too many
Incomplete octet
ions in the first or second row
Ex:
H
|
C
/ \
H H
3 Valence electrons
Carbocation
Lacking Octet
isn’t enough valance electrons
H
|
B
/ \
H H
3 Valence electrons
Expanded Octet
elements in the third row or lower
Anion
negatively charged atom
Cation
positively charged atom
What is the Formula to determine a formal charge?
(Group #) - (# of bonds) - ( # of nonbonding electrons)
Electronegativity
how strongly an atom will attract electrons
(think of Electronegativity is FON )
Nonpolar covalent bond
similar EN
^EN < 0.5
Polar Covalent Bond
Different EN
^EN 0.5-1.7=
s+ s-
C—O
Ionic bond
electrons are not shared
One atom “ owns” electrons
Na+, OH-
