REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL HISTOLOGY Flashcards
Study of normal tissues (“originates from
germ layers”)
Histology
changes when it comes to cell genes, shape and size
morphogenetic movements (
these cells become arranged in 3 germ
layers (“primary cellular layers that forms
during embryonic development”)
Small cells formed from fertilized eggs
(Internal layer) – give
rise to the lining of digestive, urinary,
and reproductive tract
Endoderm
(Middle layer) – give
rise to skeletal and muscular system
Mesoderm
(External layer) – give
rise to central and peripheral
nervous system
Ectoderm
Lung alveolar cells
Thyroid Cells
Digestive cells (pancreatic cells)
These cells are found in what germ layer?
Endoderm
Cardiac muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells
tubular cells of kidney
RBC
Smooth muscle cells of gut
These cells are found in what germ layer?
Mesoderm
Skin cells of epidermis
Brain Neurons
Pigment Cells
Ectoderm
Group of cells of common origin and common function
Tissues
4 categories of tissues
- Epithelial tissues – Derived from all the 3 germ
layers - Connective tissues – from mesoderm
- Muscular tissues – from mesoderm
- Nervous tissues – from ectoderm
These describe?
- Blood vessels are absent
- Exposed to physical injuries and infections
- Some epithelia are specialized for the reception of
stimuli (ex: nerve endings)
Covering Epithelia
Types of Epithelial tissues
- Covering epithelia
- Glandular epithelia
Types of cellular arrangement
- Simple – One cell thick
- Pseudostratified – appear to be more than one cell thick but cells rest on common basement membrane
- Stratified – many layers of cells
Types of Cell shapes
- Squamous – flattened cells (like paving
stones or flattened) - Cuboidal – cube like (isodiametric cells)
- Columnar – Cells that are taller than they
are wide - Transitional – Cells that change their shape
when the epithelium is stretched
a. Bowman’s capsule
b. Endothelium of blood vessels
c. Loop of Henle
d. Alveoli of lungs
THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?
Squamous
a. gallbladder (NONCILIATED)
b. uterine tube (CILIATED)
THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?
Columnar
a. Epidermis of the skin (KERATINIZED)
b. Vagina (NON-KERATINIZED)
c. Cervix (NON-KERATINIZED)
THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?
Squamous
sweat gland ducts are made up of what cells?
Cuboidal
The male urethra is made up of what cells?
Columnar
The urinary tract is made up of what cells?
Transitional
- much of female reproductive tract (NONCILIATED)
- Trachea (CILIATED)
What kind of cells make these up?
Columnar
Glands with ducts
Exocrine glands
Ductless glands
Endocrine glands
stomach & Uterus EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?
TUBULAR
Pancreas & salivary glands EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?
ACINAR/ALVEOLAR
Prostate EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?
TUBULO-ACINAR
Highly vascular glands and discharge their
secretions into blood vessels. DISCHARGES HORMONES
Endocrine Glands
What is the method of secretion here?
o No loss of cytoplasm
o Secretions accumulate below the free
surface of the cell through which it is
released
Merocrine
Goblet cells, sweat cells are APOCRINE CELLS
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
They are MEROCRINE cells
What is the method of secretion here?
o With cytoplasmic loss
o Secretions accumulate below the free
surface but can only be released by breaking
away of the distal part of the epithelium
APOCRINE
Mammary glands in milk secretion are APOCRINE cells?
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
type of secretion wherein there is complete breakdown of the secretory cell
HOLOCRINE
Example of HOLOCRINE secretion
Sebaceous glands
Identidy the type of tissue
o Cells are usually widely separated by a large
amount of intercellular substance.
o Blood and blood-forming tissues, bone, and
cartilage are members of this group
Connective tissues
These are examples of?
o Loose connective tissues (LCT)
o Dense connective tissues (DCT)
General Connective Tissues
These are examples of?
o Cartilage
o Bone
o Blood
o Lymph
o Hematopoietic
Special Connective Tissues
These are examples of?
o Mucoid tissues – Wharton’s jelly
o Reticular - Bone marrow, lymph node
o Mesenchyme – embryo and fetus
o Adipose – hypodermis
Loose Connective Tissue
These are examples of?
o Dermis
o Capsules of organs
o Tendons
o Stroma of Cornea
Dense Connective Tissue
These are examples of?
o Hyaline – trachea
o Fibrous – intervertebral discs
o External ear, epiglottis
Cartillage
These are examples of?
o Cancellous/spongy – Epiphysis or ends of long bones
o Compact – Diaphysis or shaft is chiefly compact bone
Bone
o Myeloid – Bone marrow
o Lymphoid – Spleen
These are considered?
Hematopoietic:
These are examples of?
o Smooth (involuntary) – found in intestinal
tracts and blood vessels
o Striated (Voluntary) – found in skeletal
muscles
o Cardiac (striated but involuntary) – heart
Muscle Tissues
These are examples of?
o Central Nervous System – Brain & Spinal cord
o Peripheral Nervous System – Peripheral nerves
o Special receptors – eye, nose and ear
Nervous Tissues
Study of abnormal tissues
HistoPATHOLOGY
Tests commonly offered in the histopathology section
- Biopsy
- Autopsy
- Cell cytology
- Cell block
- Pap’s smear
Personnel in histopathology section
Pathologist
Histotechnologist
Histotechnician
Gross Examiner
Involves the different procedures that have been adopted for the preparation of materials and tissues for microscopic
investigation, whether they are normal or abnormal.
Histopathologic Techniques
Includes examination of smears, preservation, and processing of tissue sections prior to actual evaluation of tissue details
is the study(logos) of suffering(pathos)
PATHOLOGY
It is a discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic
science
PATHOLOGY
is scientific study of disease. More specifically, may be defined as the “scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue, or organ system in response to injurious agents or adverse influences.”
PATHOLOGY
is defined as any disturbance of the structure and/or
function of the body or any of its constituent parts outside the normal range, especially one that produces specific clinical signs.
DISEASE
Involves the investigation of the causes (etiology,
disease as well as the underlying mechanisms
(pathogenesis) that result in the presenting signs and
symptoms of the patient.)
Pathologic Study of Disease
Characteristics of disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphology
Clinical Significance
This involves the study of pathogens that
cause disease
Etiology
the mechanism causing the disease.
This answers the question of why a certain pathogen
causes disease in a certain individual. The sequence
of events in the response of cells or tissues to an
etiological agent, starting from the initial stimulus to
the ultimate expression of disease, without any
treatment.
Pathogenesis
the structural features of the disease
Morphology
the functional features of the disease
Clinical significance
Any indication of disease perceived by the
patient, eg. Pain, nausea, headache, colic, etc… (“mga
nararamdaman ng mga patients”
Symptoms
Objective findings noticed by the
doctor on examination of the patient, eg. Murmur of the
heart, swelling of the feet, jaundice, etc… (“mga signs and
syndromes na makikita ng physicians”)
Signs
Start of the disease; might be sudden (acute) or
gradual (chronic)
ONSET
Prediction of the outcome of the disease; can
be good or bad.
PROGNOSIS
Outcome of the disease
FATE
New disease conditions which might
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease. (“From original disease, nadagdagan ng
secondary disease, katulad ng multiple organ failures”)
COMPLICATIONS
Refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that occur following the pathogenetic mechanisms. (“pagkakaroon ng pagbabago sa size and shape ng tissues natin”)
Morphologic changes
The morphologic changes in the organ influence the
normal function of the organ. By doing so, they determine
the clinical features (signs & symptoms), course and
prognosis of the disease. (“Dahil nagkaroon ng morphologic changes, for example lumaki ang thyroid, what will happen? Maeexcite yung sa pagproduce ng hormones leading to increase in oxygen level.”)
Functional derangements and clinical significance
Postmortem examination of a human body. It
includes both gross and microscopic examinations
AUTOPSY
Removal and pathological examination of
tissues or organ from the living body; e.g. surgical biopsy,
Tru-cut needle biopsy and endoscopic biopsy
BIOPSY
Study of individual cells in detail, e.g.
exfoliative cytology (urine, sputum, cervical smear) and
fine-needle aspiration.
CYTOLOGY
What is being described?
o End results of genetic, biochemical, and
structural changes in cells and tissues
o Lead to the clinical manifestations (signs &
symptoms)
o Lead to the progression of disease (clinical
course and outcome)
Functional Abnormalities
an unhealthy state caused by the effect of
injury
Disease
arises rapidly, lasts a short time
ACUTE DISEASE
What kind of disease is being described?
o Usually begins slowly
o Has sings & symptoms
o Persists for a long time
o Cannot be cured by medication
Chronic Disease
If etiology is unknown the disease is said to be
idiopathic. (“could be genetic, or caused by chemical agents
that we don’t know”)
Idiopathic
If the disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis
or treatment *iatros = for physician. (“Meaning you have
identified the final diagnosis of the patient”)
Iatrogenic
Iatros means Physician for example in the word Iatrogenic
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The number of persons who have the disease at
any given time.
Prevalence
The number of NEW cases per year
INCIDENCE
Death statistics
Mortality
Disease Statistics
- The effects of an illness have on a person’s life
- Concerned not only with the occurrence and incidence of the diseases but also the long-term impact of the disease
Morbidity
What is being described?
- The designation as the nature or cause of a health
problem - Requires history and physical examination
DIAGNOSIS
What is being described?
- A systematic method used to identify unknowns (“start
from scratch, you have to investigate and ask how
and whys”) - This method is essentially a process of elimination
Differential Diagnosis
FACTORS OF DIAGNOSIS
Normality
Within Normal Range
Reliability
Validity
Sensitivity
Specificity
An important factor when interpreting
diagnostic test results is the determination of whether
they are normal or abnormal
Normality
Not always accurate or appropriate factor of diagnosis
Within Normal Range
The extent to which an observation is
repeatable
Reliability
The extent to which a measurement tool
measures what is intended to measure
Validity
The proportion of people with a disease
who are positive for that disease on a given test or
observation (e.g., Patient is 99% positive for the
disease)
Sensitivity
(“nimemeasure ito kung sino ang totoong may sakit
through positives of the disease”)
The proportion of people without the
disease who are negative on a given test or
observation 95% accurate v. 100%
Specificity
(“Nimemeasure naman ito those people without the
disease, yung mga true negative”)
Levels of prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Keeping disease from occurring by removing
risk factors
PRIMARY PREVENTION
o Detect disease early when it is still asymptomatic
o Pap smears
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Implement clinical interventions that prevent
further deterioration or reduces the
complication of a disease once it is
diagnosed
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Deals with general principle of
disease, covers basic mechanisms of diseases, E.g
inflammation, cancer, ageing, cell injury, healing,
Hemodynamic disorders, genetic diseases,
Immunopathology, metabolic diseases, & selected
infectious diseases.
General Pathology
Covers disease as they occur
in each organ system, study of disease pertaining to
the specific organs and body systems
Systemic Pathology
Pathology is broadly divided into two categories:
General and Systemic
2 categories of microscopic examination in Histopathology
Surgical Pathology
Forensic Pathology
Subcategories of pathology
Histopathology
Cytopathology
Hematology
Microbiology
Chemical Pathology
Immunology
Experimental Pathology
Medical genetics
Molecular pathology
Microscopic analysis of tissue changes. Pathologist plays a central role in the diagnosis of surgically removed tissues.
Surgical Pathology
Cytopathology
Histopathology
Anatomic Pathology
These Specialties are under what pathology?
Hematology
Microbiology
Immunology
Clinical Chemistry
Blood Bank (Transfusion Medicine)
Laboratory Data Management
Molecular Pathology
Clinical Pathology
