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HCT > REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Study of normal tissues (“originates from
germ layers”)

A

Histology

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2
Q

changes when it comes to cell genes, shape and size

A

morphogenetic movements (

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3
Q

these cells become arranged in 3 germ
layers (“primary cellular layers that forms
during embryonic development”)

A

Small cells formed from fertilized eggs

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4
Q

(Internal layer) – give
rise to the lining of digestive, urinary,
and reproductive tract

A

Endoderm

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5
Q

(Middle layer) – give
rise to skeletal and muscular system

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

(External layer) – give
rise to central and peripheral
nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

Lung alveolar cells
Thyroid Cells
Digestive cells (pancreatic cells)

These cells are found in what germ layer?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells
tubular cells of kidney
RBC
Smooth muscle cells of gut

These cells are found in what germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

Skin cells of epidermis
Brain Neurons
Pigment Cells

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

Group of cells of common origin and common function

A

Tissues

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11
Q

4 categories of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissues – Derived from all the 3 germ
    layers
  2. Connective tissues – from mesoderm
  3. Muscular tissues – from mesoderm
  4. Nervous tissues – from ectoderm
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12
Q

These describe?

  • Blood vessels are absent
  • Exposed to physical injuries and infections
  • Some epithelia are specialized for the reception of
    stimuli (ex: nerve endings)
A

Covering Epithelia

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13
Q

Types of Epithelial tissues

A
  1. Covering epithelia
  2. Glandular epithelia
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14
Q

Types of cellular arrangement

A
  1. Simple – One cell thick
  2. Pseudostratified – appear to be more than one cell thick but cells rest on common basement membrane
  3. Stratified – many layers of cells
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15
Q

Types of Cell shapes

A
  1. Squamous – flattened cells (like paving
    stones or flattened)
  2. Cuboidal – cube like (isodiametric cells)
  3. Columnar – Cells that are taller than they
    are wide
  4. Transitional – Cells that change their shape
    when the epithelium is stretched
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16
Q

a. Bowman’s capsule
b. Endothelium of blood vessels
c. Loop of Henle
d. Alveoli of lungs

THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?

A

Squamous

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17
Q

a. gallbladder (NONCILIATED)
b. uterine tube (CILIATED)

THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?

A

Columnar

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18
Q

a. Epidermis of the skin (KERATINIZED)
b. Vagina (NON-KERATINIZED)
c. Cervix (NON-KERATINIZED)

THESE ARE ALL WHAT KIND OF CELL SHAPE?

A

Squamous

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19
Q

sweat gland ducts are made up of what cells?

A

Cuboidal

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20
Q

The male urethra is made up of what cells?

A

Columnar

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21
Q

The urinary tract is made up of what cells?

A

Transitional

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22
Q
  1. much of female reproductive tract (NONCILIATED)
  2. Trachea (CILIATED)

What kind of cells make these up?

A

Columnar

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23
Q

Glands with ducts

A

Exocrine glands

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24
Q

Ductless glands

A

Endocrine glands

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25
Q

stomach & Uterus EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?

A

TUBULAR

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26
Q

Pancreas & salivary glands EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?

A

ACINAR/ALVEOLAR

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27
Q

Prostate EXOCRINE glands contain what shape of cells?

A

TUBULO-ACINAR

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28
Q

Highly vascular glands and discharge their
secretions into blood vessels. DISCHARGES HORMONES

A

Endocrine Glands

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29
Q

What is the method of secretion here?

o No loss of cytoplasm
o Secretions accumulate below the free
surface of the cell through which it is
released

A

Merocrine

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30
Q

Goblet cells, sweat cells are APOCRINE CELLS

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

They are MEROCRINE cells

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31
Q

What is the method of secretion here?

o With cytoplasmic loss
o Secretions accumulate below the free
surface but can only be released by breaking
away of the distal part of the epithelium

A

APOCRINE

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32
Q

Mammary glands in milk secretion are APOCRINE cells?

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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33
Q

type of secretion wherein there is complete breakdown of the secretory cell

A

HOLOCRINE

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34
Q

Example of HOLOCRINE secretion

A

Sebaceous glands

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35
Q

Identidy the type of tissue

o Cells are usually widely separated by a large
amount of intercellular substance.
o Blood and blood-forming tissues, bone, and
cartilage are members of this group

A

Connective tissues

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36
Q

These are examples of?

o Loose connective tissues (LCT)
o Dense connective tissues (DCT)

A

General Connective Tissues

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37
Q

These are examples of?

o Cartilage
o Bone
o Blood
o Lymph
o Hematopoietic

A

Special Connective Tissues

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38
Q

These are examples of?

o Mucoid tissues – Wharton’s jelly
o Reticular - Bone marrow, lymph node
o Mesenchyme – embryo and fetus
o Adipose – hypodermis

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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39
Q

These are examples of?

o Dermis
o Capsules of organs
o Tendons
o Stroma of Cornea

A

Dense Connective Tissue

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40
Q

These are examples of?

o Hyaline – trachea
o Fibrous – intervertebral discs
o External ear, epiglottis

A

Cartillage

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41
Q

These are examples of?

o Cancellous/spongy – Epiphysis or ends of long bones
o Compact – Diaphysis or shaft is chiefly compact bone

A

Bone

42
Q

o Myeloid – Bone marrow
o Lymphoid – Spleen

These are considered?

A

Hematopoietic:

43
Q

These are examples of?

o Smooth (involuntary) – found in intestinal
tracts and blood vessels
o Striated (Voluntary) – found in skeletal
muscles
o Cardiac (striated but involuntary) – heart

A

Muscle Tissues

44
Q

These are examples of?

o Central Nervous System – Brain & Spinal cord
o Peripheral Nervous System – Peripheral nerves
o Special receptors – eye, nose and ear

A

Nervous Tissues

45
Q

Study of abnormal tissues

A

HistoPATHOLOGY

46
Q

Tests commonly offered in the histopathology section

A
  • Biopsy
  • Autopsy
  • Cell cytology
  • Cell block
  • Pap’s smear
47
Q

Personnel in histopathology section

A

Pathologist
Histotechnologist
Histotechnician
Gross Examiner

48
Q

Involves the different procedures that have been adopted for the preparation of materials and tissues for microscopic
investigation, whether they are normal or abnormal.

A

Histopathologic Techniques

Includes examination of smears, preservation, and processing of tissue sections prior to actual evaluation of tissue details

49
Q

is the study(logos) of suffering(pathos)

A

PATHOLOGY

50
Q

It is a discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic
science

A

PATHOLOGY

51
Q

is scientific study of disease. More specifically, may be defined as the “scientific study of the molecular, cellular, tissue, or organ system in response to injurious agents or adverse influences.”

A

PATHOLOGY

52
Q

is defined as any disturbance of the structure and/or
function of the body or any of its constituent parts outside the normal range, especially one that produces specific clinical signs.

A

DISEASE

53
Q

Involves the investigation of the causes (etiology,
disease as well as the underlying mechanisms
(pathogenesis) that result in the presenting signs and
symptoms of the patient.)

A

Pathologic Study of Disease

54
Q

Characteristics of disease

A

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Morphology
Clinical Significance

55
Q

This involves the study of pathogens that
cause disease

A

Etiology

56
Q

the mechanism causing the disease.
This answers the question of why a certain pathogen
causes disease in a certain individual. The sequence
of events in the response of cells or tissues to an
etiological agent, starting from the initial stimulus to
the ultimate expression of disease, without any
treatment.

A

Pathogenesis

57
Q

the structural features of the disease

A

Morphology

58
Q

the functional features of the disease

A

Clinical significance

59
Q

Any indication of disease perceived by the
patient, eg. Pain, nausea, headache, colic, etc… (“mga
nararamdaman ng mga patients”

A

Symptoms

60
Q

Objective findings noticed by the
doctor on examination of the patient, eg. Murmur of the
heart, swelling of the feet, jaundice, etc… (“mga signs and
syndromes na makikita ng physicians”)

A

Signs

61
Q

Start of the disease; might be sudden (acute) or
gradual (chronic)

A

ONSET

62
Q

Prediction of the outcome of the disease; can
be good or bad.

A

PROGNOSIS

63
Q

Outcome of the disease

A

FATE

64
Q

New disease conditions which might
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease. (“From original disease, nadagdagan ng
secondary disease, katulad ng multiple organ failures”)

A

COMPLICATIONS

65
Q

Refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that occur following the pathogenetic mechanisms. (“pagkakaroon ng pagbabago sa size and shape ng tissues natin”)

A

Morphologic changes

66
Q

The morphologic changes in the organ influence the
normal function of the organ. By doing so, they determine
the clinical features (signs & symptoms), course and
prognosis of the disease. (“Dahil nagkaroon ng morphologic changes, for example lumaki ang thyroid, what will happen? Maeexcite yung sa pagproduce ng hormones leading to increase in oxygen level.”)

A

Functional derangements and clinical significance

67
Q

Postmortem examination of a human body. It
includes both gross and microscopic examinations

A

AUTOPSY

68
Q

Removal and pathological examination of
tissues or organ from the living body; e.g. surgical biopsy,
Tru-cut needle biopsy and endoscopic biopsy

A

BIOPSY

69
Q

Study of individual cells in detail, e.g.
exfoliative cytology (urine, sputum, cervical smear) and
fine-needle aspiration.

A

CYTOLOGY

70
Q

What is being described?

o End results of genetic, biochemical, and
structural changes in cells and tissues
o Lead to the clinical manifestations (signs &
symptoms)
o Lead to the progression of disease (clinical
course and outcome)

A

Functional Abnormalities

71
Q

an unhealthy state caused by the effect of
injury

A

Disease

72
Q

arises rapidly, lasts a short time

A

ACUTE DISEASE

73
Q

What kind of disease is being described?

o Usually begins slowly
o Has sings & symptoms
o Persists for a long time
o Cannot be cured by medication

A

Chronic Disease

74
Q

If etiology is unknown the disease is said to be
idiopathic. (“could be genetic, or caused by chemical agents
that we don’t know”)

A

Idiopathic

75
Q

If the disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis
or treatment *iatros = for physician. (“Meaning you have
identified the final diagnosis of the patient”)

A

Iatrogenic

76
Q

Iatros means Physician for example in the word Iatrogenic

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

77
Q

The number of persons who have the disease at
any given time.

A

Prevalence

78
Q

The number of NEW cases per year

A

INCIDENCE

79
Q

Death statistics

A

Mortality

80
Q

Disease Statistics

  • The effects of an illness have on a person’s life
  • Concerned not only with the occurrence and incidence of the diseases but also the long-term impact of the disease
A

Morbidity

81
Q

What is being described?

  • The designation as the nature or cause of a health
    problem
  • Requires history and physical examination
A

DIAGNOSIS

82
Q

What is being described?

  • A systematic method used to identify unknowns (“start
    from scratch, you have to investigate and ask how
    and whys”)
  • This method is essentially a process of elimination
A

Differential Diagnosis

83
Q

FACTORS OF DIAGNOSIS

A

Normality
Within Normal Range
Reliability
Validity
Sensitivity
Specificity

84
Q

An important factor when interpreting
diagnostic test results is the determination of whether
they are normal or abnormal

A

Normality

85
Q

Not always accurate or appropriate factor of diagnosis

A

Within Normal Range

86
Q

The extent to which an observation is
repeatable

A

Reliability

87
Q

The extent to which a measurement tool
measures what is intended to measure

A

Validity

88
Q

The proportion of people with a disease
who are positive for that disease on a given test or
observation (e.g., Patient is 99% positive for the
disease)

A

Sensitivity

(“nimemeasure ito kung sino ang totoong may sakit
through positives of the disease”)

89
Q

The proportion of people without the
disease who are negative on a given test or
observation 95% accurate v. 100%

A

Specificity

(“Nimemeasure naman ito those people without the
disease, yung mga true negative”)

90
Q

Levels of prevention

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

91
Q

Keeping disease from occurring by removing
risk factors

A

PRIMARY PREVENTION

92
Q

o Detect disease early when it is still asymptomatic
o Pap smears

A

SECONDARY PREVENTION

93
Q

Implement clinical interventions that prevent
further deterioration or reduces the
complication of a disease once it is
diagnosed

A

TERTIARY PREVENTION

94
Q

Deals with general principle of
disease, covers basic mechanisms of diseases, E.g
inflammation, cancer, ageing, cell injury, healing,
Hemodynamic disorders, genetic diseases,
Immunopathology, metabolic diseases, & selected
infectious diseases.

A

General Pathology

95
Q

Covers disease as they occur
in each organ system, study of disease pertaining to
the specific organs and body systems

A

Systemic Pathology

96
Q

Pathology is broadly divided into two categories:

A

General and Systemic

97
Q

2 categories of microscopic examination in Histopathology

A

Surgical Pathology
Forensic Pathology

98
Q

Subcategories of pathology

A

Histopathology
Cytopathology
Hematology
Microbiology
Chemical Pathology
Immunology
Experimental Pathology
Medical genetics
Molecular pathology

99
Q

Microscopic analysis of tissue changes. Pathologist plays a central role in the diagnosis of surgically removed tissues.

Surgical Pathology
Cytopathology
Histopathology

A

Anatomic Pathology

100
Q

These Specialties are under what pathology?
Hematology
Microbiology
Immunology
Clinical Chemistry
Blood Bank (Transfusion Medicine)
Laboratory Data Management
Molecular Pathology

A

Clinical Pathology

HCT (2 decks)

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