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Z- Endocrinology > Review of Endocrine > Flashcards

Review of Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what Is insulin released from?

A

pancreatic B cells

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2
Q

what stimulates the release of insulin?

A
  • Raised blood glucose (direct effect on β cells)
  • Raised blood amino acids (arginine)
  • Parasympathetic (vagal) nerve activity
  • Raised blood CCK, gastrin, incretins (feedforward)
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3
Q

what inhibits the release of insulin?

A
  • Low blood glucose
  • Sympathetic nerve activity (e.g. exercise)
  • Raised blood cortisol (to maintain blood glucose)
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4
Q

what are the actions of insulin?

A
  • Stimulates glucose uptake into muscle & fat (GLUT4)
  • Promotes glycogen synthesis in liver
  • Stimulates amino acid incorporation into protein (muscle)
  • Promotes lipogenesis, inhibits lipolysis
  • Hormone of the fed state - anabolic
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5
Q

what is glucagon released from?

A

pancreatic Alpha cells

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6
Q

what stimulates the release of glucagon?

A
  • Decreased blood glucose (direct effect on α cells)
  • Amino acids (raises blood glucose after protein meal)
  • Decreased blood fatty acids
  • Sympathetic nerve activity (e.g.exercise)
  • Cortisol (to aid raising blood glucose)
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7
Q

what inhibits the release of glucagon?

A
  • Raised blood glucose
  • Raised blood fatty acids
  • Insulin
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8
Q

what are the actions of glucagon?

A
  • Increases liver glycogenolysis (blood glucose rises)
  • Inhibits liver glycogen synthesis
  • Promotes lipolysis in liver & adipose tissue
  • Promotes liver gluconeogenesis
  • Hormone of the unfed state - catabolic
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9
Q

what are glucocorticoids released from?

A

Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)

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10
Q

what stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Circadian (ACTH bursts, most frequent in morning)
  • Stress (via hypothalamic CRH and ant.pit. ACTH)
  • Low plasma cortisol - long & short loop feedback
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11
Q

what inhibits the release of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Depression of ACTH in evening
  • High plasma cortisol - long & short loop feedback
  • Low stress
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12
Q

what are the actions of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Raises blood glucose
  • Promotes liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • Promotes protein breakdown
  • Promotes lipolysis
  • Permissive action on vascular adrenoceptors
  • Essential for resisting stress
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13
Q

what releases adrenaline (epinephrine)?

A

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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14
Q

what stimulates the release of adrenaline?

A

Sympathetic nerve stimulation (“fight or flight”)

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15
Q

what inhibits the release of adrenaline?

A

Inhibition of sympathetic nerve stimulation

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16
Q

what are the actions of adrenaline?

A
  • Promotes liver and muscle glycogenolysis
  • Promotes lipolysis (raises blood FFAs)
  • Raises metabolic rate
  • Chronotropic & inotropic effects on heart (β1)
  • Dilates coronary & skeletal muscle arterioles (β2)
17
Q

what releases the growth hormone?

A

anterior pituitary gland

18
Q

what stimulates the release of the growth hormone?

A
  • Deep sleep – release greatest at night (GRH surges)
  • Deficiency in energy substrates (exercise, fasting)
  • Increased AAs in blood (e.g. arginine, leucine)
19
Q

what inhibits the release of the growth hormone?

A
  • Plentiful metabolic substrates (glucose, FFAs)
  • Cortisol (to offset GH effect on protein anabolism?)
  • Hypothyroidism (permissive action of T3)
  • REM sleep
20
Q

what are the actions of the growth hormone?

A
  • Promotes growth via IGFs (bone & lean body mass)
  • Promotes AA uptake & net protein synthesis
  • Increases blood glucose (raises output from liver & has “anti-insulin” effect on muscle)
  • Promotes lipolysis (raises blood FFAs)
21
Q

what releases thyroid hormones?

A

thyroid glands

22
Q

what stimulates the release of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Plasma levels usually steady – negative feedback control of TSH
  • Prolonged exposure to cold in infants – TRH release
23
Q

what inhibits the release from thyroid hormones?

A
  • Plasma levels usually steady – negative feedback control of TSH
  • Prolonged exposure to heat
24
Q

what are the actions of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Set Basal Metabolic Rate
  • Increased levels raise metabolic rate
  • Promote protein & fat catabolism
  • Raise body temperature – “ calorigenic action”
  • Essential for normal development of CNS in foetus
  • Permissive effect on growth hormone
  • Permissive effect on β adrenoceptors – increase number & affinity to catecholamines
25
Q

what releases parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells of parathyroid glands

26
Q

what stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone?

A

Falling plasma calcium concentration (hypocalcaemia)

27
Q

what inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone?

A

Rising plasma calcium concentration (hypercalcaemia)

28
Q

what are the actions of parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Mobilization of calcium from bone
  • Increased calcium reabsorption by kidneys
  • Decreased phosphate reabsorption by kidneys
  • Stimulates kidney to complete conversion of Vit D to calcitriol

Z- Endocrinology (9 decks)

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