review of development Flashcards
1
Q
primary periods of development
A
prelinguistic and linguistic
2
Q
prelinguistic
A
vocalizations prior to first true words
3
Q
linguistic
A
period after the appearance of first true words
4
Q
important of the 2 primary periods
A
linking of sound patterns with meaning
5
Q
phonological acquisition
A
acquisition of speech sounds and the development of phonological skills
6
Q
infant vocalizations
A
- have a direct correlation to the development of meaningful speech
- all infants pass through similar stages of vocal development
7
Q
early stages influences by vocal mechanism
A
- newborn structures anatomically different from adults
- between 4-6 months, oral and nasal cavities begin to separate
- as teeth develop the shape of oral cavity changes
- increase tongue mobility as infant develops
- changes in vocal mechanism allow for the development of a wider variety of sound types
8
Q
stages of phono development
A
- pre linguistic (0-12 months)
- first words (12-18 months)
- phonemic development (18-4 years)
- stabilization of the phono system (4-8 years)
- morphophonemic development (7-12 years)
- spelling (12-16 years)
9
Q
prelinguistic stage
A
speech-like and non-speech- like vocalizations
-speech-like vocalizations become prominent at the end of this stage
10
Q
first words
A
- 1 year- 18 months
- onset of meaningful words
- growth of vocab to 50 words
- productions are simple syllabic structure - CV, CVC,CVCV
- sounds are limited to stops, nasals, and glides
11
Q
phonemic development
A
- consonant clusters appear
- mulitsyllabic productions occur
- substitution patterns are common (/w/ for /r/)
12
Q
stabilization of the phono system
A
-4-8 years
phonetic inventory completed
exposure to reading and writing helps refine sound system
13
Q
prelinguistic stages of speech sound development
A
stage 1: phonation stage - birth to 1 month
stage 2: coo and goo stage - 2-3 months
stage 3: exploration-expansion stage - 4 to 6 months
stage 4: canonical babbling- 7-9 months
stage 5: variegated babbling - 10 to 12 months
14
Q
stage 1: phonation stage
A
reflexive vocalizations (crying fussing, etc) non reflexive sounds (vowel like vocalizations, syllabic nasals)
15
Q
stage 2: coo and goo stage
A
- sounds acoustically similar to back vowels or syllables consisting of back consonants and back vowels
- primitive syllables (lack timing of CV syllables)
16
Q
stage 3: exploration-expansion stage
A
- time to vocal play
- squeals, yelling, raspberries, friction noises
- infant starts to gain control over vocal mechanism
17
Q
stage 4: canonical babbling
A
- reduplicated babbling
- CV syllable produced with a true consonant and fully resonant vowel
- no sound to meaning correspondence
- phonemic repertoire- stops, nasals, and glides
- labial and alveolar sounds
18
Q
stage 5: variegated babbling
A
- CV sequence with a variety of vowels and consonants
- consonantal repertoire increases
- adult-like intonation patterns
- vocables and protoward
19
Q
vocable
A
utterance that sound like real words but are non meaningful
20
Q
protoword
A
first meaningful vocal production. consistently refers to same object (mama, dada)
21
Q
transition to linguistic stage
A
begins around age 1 and includes first 50 words
- common patterns in child’s first words (single syllables or fully or partially reduplicated syllables and primary consonant sounds in first true words are stops, nasals, and glides)
- difference in actual first words produced- choose sounds and shapes they can produce
- first words are dependent on the environment
22
Q
babbling to meaningful speech
A
- babbling is rooted to biological base; ALL children babble
- phonetic production is shaped by the language the child is exposed to even before first words
- children follow individual paths and develop lexicon from the phonetic repertoire gathered during babbling stage
23
Q
linguistic stage to phonemic development
A
linguistic stage extends until child begins to combine 2 words (last from about 12 months to approx 18-24 months and acquires approx 50 words before moving to 2 word stage)
-phonological acquistion (develops according to language immersed in, influenced by following factors: cognitive, perceptual, motor, environment)
24
Q
speech sound development
A
development studies since the 1930s
-2 types of studies: large-scale, cross sectional and longitudinal studies
25
large scale, cross sectional studies
- large number of participants with varying ages
- indicate that there are universal patterns of consonant sound acquisition
- variability in mastery of sounds (criteria differ)
26
longitudinal studies
- follow a single child or small group of children over time
- revealed variation in the order of acquisition of specific phonemes
27
Sanders (1972)
developed an average age estimate and upper age limit
- criterion= 51% used the sound in at least 2 positions, age of sound production calculated by age of sound produced by 90% of children
- some norms accurate, some misleading-- /s,z/- 8 due to included distortions ; /t/- 'button' did not give credit for glottal stops
28
speech sound development - consensus of research studies
sounds mastered early = stops, nasals, glides
| followed by fricatives, then affricates, then liquids
29
how can we apply phonemic development clinically?
SLPs rely on phoneme acquistion norms to make clinical decisions
-problem: when used to determine eligibility
30
Porter and Hodson (2011)
- conducted to obtain phonological acquisition data for own school district
- children by age 3 had acquired all major phonemes except /l/ and /r/
- children by age 4 acquire /l/
- children by age 5 and 6 acquired /r/
31
development of vowels
- not as much research on the development of vowels
- of studies conducted, all vowels were developed by 36 months
* *study early, middle and later developing vowels on slide
32
Stoel-Gammon (1985) developmental summary
- stops, nasals, and glides emerge early before fricatives and liquids
- anterior sounds precede posterior sounds
- sounds with same place and manner features typically occur in initial before final position
- voiced stops occur in initial position before voiceless stops; voiceless stops occur in final position before voiced stops
- /r/ usually appears in final position first
- /k/ can be in the final position before in final
33
phonological processes
use of simplification strategies during phonological development- child is viewed as attempting the adult target, but they simplify it
-they are suppressed and modified as child matures
34
classes of phonological processes
- syllable structure deviations
- feature contrast or substitutions
- assimilation deviations
- vocalizations/vowelization
35
syllable structure processes
```
initial consonant deletion
cluster reduction
coalescence
epenthesis
diminutization
doubling
glottal replacment
metathesis
migration
```
36
initial consonant deletion
- ATYPICAL
| - initalsingleton consonant omitted
37
cluster reduction
- one or more consonants in a cluster is omitted
- more difficult sound is left off
- typical
38
coalescence
- replacement of 2 consonants with a different consonant that contains phonetic features of the two target consonants (ex= fok for smoke)
- multisyllabic word is reduced to one syllable with segments from both syllables being retained
(ex. men for melon)
39
epenthesis
the addition of a sound to a word
- often the schwa
- vowels commonly occur between 2 consonants of a cluster after a final voiced stop
- ATYPICAL
40
diminutization
adding /i/ to the end of word
| typically in first 50 words of vocab
41
doubling
-repeating a word, usually monosyllabic word, resulting in mulitsyllabic word
ex= bebe for ball
42
glottal replacment
substituting a glottal stop for a consonant
| -ATYPICAL
43
metathesis
trasnposing or reversing consonants in a word
44
migration
movement of a phoneme from one position in a word to another
45
feature contrast or substitution
replacing one sound by another sound without being influenced by surrounding patterns
- typically one class of phonemes replaces another class
- typical
46
stopping
substitution of stops for continuants
- Substitution of stops for fricatives and affricates
- substitution of stops for fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides (Edwards and Shriberg)
- Hodsen argued stopping does not occur with affricates b/c there is a stop already present --> should be called deaffrication
47
affrication
occurs when stop component is added to a continuant
| -nonaffricate becomes an affricate
48
deaffreication
replacing an affricate with a nonaffricate
| -changing an affricate to continuant or a stop
49
palatalization
sound produced as a palatal rather than as a non palatal
| -occurs in preschoolers when they are figuring out alveolars and palatals
50
depalatalization
palatal consonant replaced with non palatal (palatal fronting)
51
fronting
replacement of target phoneme with another phoneme that is articulated anteriorly to the target sound
-velar fronting is the most common
52
backing
replacement of target phoneme with another sound whose place of articulation is posterior
- occurs in children with cleft palate
- ATYPICAL
53
gliding
the use of a glide for any other consonant
- frequently occurs on prevocalic liquids (l,r) in singletons and clusters
- occurs sometimes on fricatives- in children with deviant phonological patterns
54
assimilation or harmony deviations
a sound or syllable is changed to become more similar to another sound or syllable in the word
-the sounds or syllables in a word become more alike
55
progressive assimilation
sound in a word is influenced by preceding sound; a later sound in the word is changed
56
regressive assimilation
sound influences by later sound so that an earlier sound in the word is changed
-can be contiguous or noncontiguous
57
voicing
not considered by all as assimilations but considered voicing deviations
58
prevocalic voicing
voicing an unvoiced consonant when it precedes a vowel
| -ATYPICAL
59
postvocalic voicing
devoicing at the end of the word, assumed to devoice because of period of silence following the word
-ATYPICAL
60
syllable assimilation
reduplication
61
vocalization or vowelization
vowel is substituted for a syllabic consonant
| -common
62
denasalization
nasal replaced with non nasal sound, often a stop that has the same articulation placement
63
neutralization
occurs when several phonemes are replaced by one sound
| -vowels are often replaced with neutral vowel
64
idiosyncratic patterns
children sometimes use deviations unique to their phonological system
65
syllable structure - developmental progression
CV - CVCV (reduplication) - CVC (final consonants) - CCVC, CVCC (clusters) - CVCVC (nonreduplicated)
66
relational analysis
- comparing child production of words to adult models
| - most frequently occurring process among 1.5-2.5 year olds is cluster reduction and liquid deviations
67
development of common processes
-gliding of liquids below 25% by age 4
-cluster reduction below 25% by age 3.5
-FCD below 25% by age 3
stopping and fronting below 25% by age 3 q
68
processes persisting beyond age 3
- cluster reduction
- epenthesis
- gliding - a lot
- vocalizations
- stopping
- depalatalization - some
- final devoicing
