Review from Test 1 Flashcards
What is bacterial transformation?
the uptake of foreign genetic material by bacteria
Frederick Griffith demonstrated bacterial transformation when
heat-killed pathogenic bacteria were able to share genetic information with non-pathogenic bacteria
What is Chargaff’s rule?
The ratio of adenine to thymine is always 1:1, and the ratio of guanine to cytosine is always 1:1
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, deoxyribose or ribose sugar
What was the main objective of the experiments conducted by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy?
Identifying the genetic material responsible for bacterial transformation
What are purines?
double-ring nitrogenous bases
What is the name of the covalent bond that holds two nucleotides together?
Phosphodiester bond
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA made of?
sugar and phosphate
Which of the following represents the flow of information in the Central Dogma of Biology?
DNA–RNA–Protein
Which part of an amino acid varies among different amino acids and determines their unique properties?
side chain (R-group)
Which of the following is NOT a function of protein?
Energy
What information is stores in DNA?
The information for the primary sequence of amino acids in polypeptides
Which of the following factors can cause a protein to unfold?
changes in pH, changes in solute concentration, changes in temperature
Name the bases of DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
Name the bases of RNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil
Name the five- carbon sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
Name the five-carbon sugar in RNA
ribose
Number the strands (# of sugar-phosphate backbones) in DNA
2
Number the strands (# of sugar-phosphate backbones) in RNA
1
Molecules/ functional groups involved in primary structures
linear sequence of amino acids
Name of bonds holding primary structure of folding together
Peptide bonds
Description of primary structure
Amino acids’ unique sequence in a polypeptide chain
Molecules/ functional groups involved in secondary structures
alpha helices and beta sheets
Name the bonds holding secondary structure of folding together
hydrogen bonds
Description of secondary structure
of proteins refers to the local folding patterns within a polypeptide chain
Molecules/functional groups involved in tertiary structures
protein represents its three-dimensional conformation, a determinant of its functionality
Name the bonds holding tertiary structures of folding together
hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds
Description of tertiary structure
not static; proteins can undergo conformational changes in response to environmental cues or interactions with other molecules
The quaternary structure of a protein is created by the interaction of multiple
polypeptides
