Review for TEST CH.3-4

Question 1

Animal examples of cerebral cortex development ranked from low to high brain development

Answer 1

Dumb to smart, worms to us. Page 107

Question 2

MRI

Answer 2

Giant Magnet spins around your head makes molecules twist and relax in your brain Page 116

Question 3

CT (or CAT)

Answer 3

Lots of X-rays, layers, put them together and you have an image

Question 4

fMRI

Answer 4

Tracks real time activity, more blood movement, it sees better.

Question 5

PET scan

Answer 5

Radioactive Isotope in your blood, increased blood flow means increased usage. Real Time

Question 6

Heritability index- Scale from 0 to 1 of how much a factor is caused by genetics.

Answer 6

0 is zero percent caused by genetics. Most fall in the middle Page 109

Question 7

Nerve cell parts and what they do:

Answer 7

Dendrites work into Soma (cell body) , send signal on axon. Axon is the conductor.
3 types of neurons- Sensory(the outer stimulus moving to the spinal chord), Motor(signal transmitting to outer parts of body from spinal chord), Interneurons (connects the motor and sensory together within the organism)

Question 8

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Sympathetic- fight and flight (increase in heart rate, pupil dilation)

Parasympathetic- Calms you down (eye constrict, heart rate decrease)

Question 9

Phineas Gages injury to which part of his brain

Answer 9

Frontal lobe stabbed by a pipe. Survived, but with altered personality (became more aggressive, vulgar, and less patient) Page 112

Question 10

The spinal reflex (reflex arc)

Answer 10

Knee jerk- sensory receptor, sensory neuron, spinal cord, synapse (connects ) with interneuron, motor neurons, your knee moves. Doesn’t make it to your brain!

Question 11

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 11

Corpus Collusom

Question 12

Why it’s good to have a wrinkled brain

Answer 12

Increases Surface Area, More neurons in your brain.

Question 13

“the blind spot” of the eye

Answer 13

Optic Disk- where everything connects. You can’t see in the spot where they connect. You have no sensory nerves there.

Question 14

Absolute threshold

Answer 14

Measurements of minimum of what you can sense 50% of the time.

Question 15

5 types of taste receptor cells

Answer 15

Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Sour, Umami (Savory, beefy, MSG!, Glutamate)
Spicy is just a pain receptor!

Question 16

Binocular disparity

Answer 16

Two eyes, two images, 3d image from combination of the two.

Question 17

Change blindness

Answer 17

You don’t notice changes that you’re not paying attention to.

Question 18

Color afterimage (afterimage effect)

Answer 18

Sensory adaptation for a long time, image changes, but your vision doesn’t. Brain adapts, reverses colors or other cool effects. Bumblebee thing.

Question 19

Gestalt principles:

Answer 19

closure -Circle with gaps gets closed in your brain.

proximity- Things that are close get grouped together.

similarity- Things that look similar get grouped together.

continuity- Something follows the same line, get grouped together. Page 149

common fate- Group of things go together, different parts are perceived as a single moving object.

Question 20

Just noticeable difference

Answer 20

Least amount of change in any stimuli for you to notice something.

Question 21

Left and right visual fields and their relationship to the brain

Answer 21

Right side from both eyes goes to left, Left side from both eyes goes to right. Page 141

Question 22

Monocular cues

Answer 22

proximity- Distance between object and observer

relative size- Objects that are farther away are perceived as smaller, closer is perceived as bigger.

linear perspective-Parallel lines come together in the distance- road, train tracks Page 152

disparity-Right and left eye view objects differently.

interposition-Something that is seen on top of something else must be closer.

Motion parallax- Objects that are close appear to move fast, Objects that are far appear to move slow. Car with trees and mountains.

Perception-The way we view our world. Organization and interpretation of senses.

Perceptual constancy-Size, Shape, and Brightness. Even though we view them differently, we know that it’s not really changing. Page 148

Question 23

Phi phenomenon

Answer 23

Ropes of lights in Vegas. Common Fate specifically in lights and things that are moving. Looks like lights are traveling. Related to common fate.

Question 24

Properties of light waves

Answer 24

Photons, moving energy. Amplitude, Frequency, Color, Brightness, Purity
Wavelength determines hue, Amplitude determines Brightness, Purity.

Question 25

Properties of Sound waves

Answer 25

Frequency is pitch, Amplitude is Volume, Complexity is different sounds

Question 26

Selective attention

Answer 26

Perceiving only what’s relevant to you at that moment.

Question 27

Sensation

Answer 27

Stimulation of the sensory organ.

Question 28

Sensory adaptation

Answer 28

When one stops paying attention to things that aren’t relevant. Clothes on the body. One’s brain gets used to it and shuts it off.

Question 29

The homunculus

Answer 29

which parts of the body have the most area of somatosensory cortex: lips, tongue, hands.

Question 30

Transduction

Answer 30

Changing physical stimulus to electrical signaling that can be interpreted by the brian. The way one feels senses.

Question 31

Weber’s Law

Answer 31

Differences in stimulus, constant proportion. Harder to tell differences in bigger stimuli. Envelopes (1 oz difference) vs. Boxes (1 oz difference doesn’t matter).

Question 32

Why does spinning make you dizzy?

Answer 32

Your liquid in your ears starts spinning, keeps spinning after you stop. Your eyes say you’ve stopped, your ears think you’re still going.