Review for TEST CH.3-4 Flashcards
Animal examples of cerebral cortex development ranked from low to high brain development
Dumb to smart, worms to us. Page 107
MRI
Giant Magnet spins around your head makes molecules twist and relax in your brain Page 116
CT (or CAT)
Lots of X-rays, layers, put them together and you have an image
fMRI
Tracks real time activity, more blood movement, it sees better.
PET scan
Radioactive Isotope in your blood, increased blood flow means increased usage. Real Time
Heritability index- Scale from 0 to 1 of how much a factor is caused by genetics.
0 is zero percent caused by genetics. Most fall in the middle Page 109
Nerve cell parts and what they do:
Dendrites work into Soma (cell body) , send signal on axon. Axon is the conductor.
3 types of neurons- Sensory(the outer stimulus moving to the spinal chord), Motor(signal transmitting to outer parts of body from spinal chord), Interneurons (connects the motor and sensory together within the organism)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic- fight and flight (increase in heart rate, pupil dilation)
Parasympathetic- Calms you down (eye constrict, heart rate decrease)
Phineas Gages injury to which part of his brain
Frontal lobe stabbed by a pipe. Survived, but with altered personality (became more aggressive, vulgar, and less patient) Page 112
The spinal reflex (reflex arc)
Knee jerk- sensory receptor, sensory neuron, spinal cord, synapse (connects ) with interneuron, motor neurons, your knee moves. Doesn’t make it to your brain!
What connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Collusom
Why it’s good to have a wrinkled brain
Increases Surface Area, More neurons in your brain.
“the blind spot” of the eye
Optic Disk- where everything connects. You can’t see in the spot where they connect. You have no sensory nerves there.
Absolute threshold
Measurements of minimum of what you can sense 50% of the time.
5 types of taste receptor cells
Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Sour, Umami (Savory, beefy, MSG!, Glutamate)
Spicy is just a pain receptor!
Binocular disparity
Two eyes, two images, 3d image from combination of the two.
Change blindness
You don’t notice changes that you’re not paying attention to.
Color afterimage (afterimage effect)
Sensory adaptation for a long time, image changes, but your vision doesn’t. Brain adapts, reverses colors or other cool effects. Bumblebee thing.
Gestalt principles:
closure -Circle with gaps gets closed in your brain.
proximity- Things that are close get grouped together.
similarity- Things that look similar get grouped together.
continuity- Something follows the same line, get grouped together. Page 149
common fate- Group of things go together, different parts are perceived as a single moving object.
Just noticeable difference
Least amount of change in any stimuli for you to notice something.
Left and right visual fields and their relationship to the brain
Right side from both eyes goes to left, Left side from both eyes goes to right. Page 141
Monocular cues
proximity- Distance between object and observer
relative size- Objects that are farther away are perceived as smaller, closer is perceived as bigger.
linear perspective-Parallel lines come together in the distance- road, train tracks Page 152
disparity-Right and left eye view objects differently.
interposition-Something that is seen on top of something else must be closer.
Motion parallax- Objects that are close appear to move fast, Objects that are far appear to move slow. Car with trees and mountains.
Perception-The way we view our world. Organization and interpretation of senses.
Perceptual constancy-Size, Shape, and Brightness. Even though we view them differently, we know that it’s not really changing. Page 148
Phi phenomenon
Ropes of lights in Vegas. Common Fate specifically in lights and things that are moving. Looks like lights are traveling. Related to common fate.
Properties of light waves
Photons, moving energy. Amplitude, Frequency, Color, Brightness, Purity
Wavelength determines hue, Amplitude determines Brightness, Purity.
Properties of Sound waves
Frequency is pitch, Amplitude is Volume, Complexity is different sounds
Selective attention
Perceiving only what’s relevant to you at that moment.
Sensation
Stimulation of the sensory organ.
Sensory adaptation
When one stops paying attention to things that aren’t relevant. Clothes on the body. One’s brain gets used to it and shuts it off.
The homunculus
which parts of the body have the most area of somatosensory cortex: lips, tongue, hands.
Transduction
Changing physical stimulus to electrical signaling that can be interpreted by the brian. The way one feels senses.
Weber’s Law
Differences in stimulus, constant proportion. Harder to tell differences in bigger stimuli. Envelopes (1 oz difference) vs. Boxes (1 oz difference doesn’t matter).
Why does spinning make you dizzy?
Your liquid in your ears starts spinning, keeps spinning after you stop. Your eyes say you’ve stopped, your ears think you’re still going.
