Review for Midterm Flashcards
This is the most common neurobiological disorder that manifests in childhood, and it often continues into adolescence and adulthood.
ADHD
The average age of onset for this condition 7 y/o, and boys are 4x more likely than girls to have this condition.
ADHD
T/F: The DSM 6 has placed the condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. within the section describing neurodevelopmental disorders. This is a change from previous versions of the DSM, which had placed it within the disruptive behavior disorders.
False
Define the acronym: DAMP
Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception.
This condition includes three subtypes: combined, predominantly inattentive, and predominately hyperactive-impulsive, which are referred to as clinical presentations.
ADHD
Sensory Modulation Disorder has what associated typologies?
SOR, SUR, SC
Sensory overreactivity, sensory underreactivity, sensory craving
Sensory Based Motor Disorder has what associated typologies?
Dyspraxia and Postural
Sensory Discrimination Disorder has what associated typologies?
Primary senses and Position/Movement senses
The necessary process to eliminate the overproduction of sensory neurons that are generated mostly in infancy through middle childhood and allows better efficiency in learning new information and explains neuroplasticity for brain development is _____________________________
neuronal pruning
T/F: In the late 1960s, the late Lorna Jean King, an OT and neuroscientist at the USC, reported a series of clinical studies that emphasized the connection between the important roles of sensory processing in learning and behavior. King described a theoretical model of sensory integration that included treatment guidelines which she initially identified as sensory integration dysfunction (SID).
False
Premature placental separation, massive hemorrhage from placenta previa, umbilical cord wrapped around the baby’s neck, and meconium aspiration are factors that cause perinatal ____________.
hypoxia
___________________________ is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
intellectual disability
This type of MD is caused by an absence, or deficiency, of dystrophin.
Duchenne
This type of MD first affects the muscles of the pelvis and shoulders and is often identified by a “waddling “ gait.
Limb-girdle
This type of MD shows the following signs: Muscle wasting/weakness begins in the face, lower legs, forearms, hands, and neck. Delayed relaxation after muscle contraction can be seen by “locking up” of the muscles, followed by a slowed relaxation.
Myotonic
This MD is the third most common type.
Facioscapulohumeral
This type of MD shows the following signs: Tightness of the heel cords may result in toe walking and an increased number of trips and /or falls. Elbows that are contracted to a 90* angle are the “ most important diagnostic clue”.
Emery-Dreifuss
T/F: Virtually all areas of occupational performances and many client factors can be affected by ID, depending on the cause and severity of the ID.
True
In ID, adaptive skills are divided into three categories. Which category is occupational skills?
Practical
In ID, adaptive skills are divided into three categories. Which category is following rules/obeying laws?
Social
In ID, adaptive skills are divided into three categories. Which category is money concepts?
Conceptual
In ID, adaptive skills are divided into three categories. Which category is self-esteem?
Social
Many occupational performances are impacted by the effects of MD, including client factors, performance skills and patterns, context, and environment. What were the five listed in chapter five of the book?
ADL, IADL, Education, Work, Play/Leisure, Psychosocial
[ ] is characterized by progressive muscle weakness, defects in muscles protein, and/or the death of muscle cells and tissues.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
This disease affects only males and is an X-linked recessive inherited condition.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
__________________ is not one specific condition but rather a grouping of clinical syndromes that affect movement, muscle tone, and coordination as a result of an injury or lesion of the immature brain. It is permanent and nonprogressive.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
The two strongest risk factors that results in damage to the developing brain is:
prematurity and low birth weight
What is the primary brain area of involvement in Spastic CP?
cerebral cortex
What is the primary brain area of involvement in Athetoid (dyskinetic) CP?
basal ganglia
What is the primary brain area of involvement in Ataxia CP?
cerebellum
___________________ is characterized by impairments in social interaction and social communication and by the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
T/F: Neurons in the cerebrum known as Purkinje cells form a layer near the surface of the cerebrum and convey signals away from the cerebrum.
False
This kind of CP classification has the following signs: Deep tendon reflexes are present in affected limbs, and motor control is affected by hypertonicity.
Spastic
This kind of CP classification is characterized by involuntary and uncontrolled movements, which are typically slow and writhing.
Athetoid (dyskinetic)
This kind of CP classification has the following signs: Unsteadiness and difficulties with balance, particularly when ambulating.
Ataxia
There are three levels of severity (actually support, but I digress bc this is course-specific) within ASD. What level would the following fall under?:
Attempts to make friends may fail when social cues are missed
Mild to Moderate
There are three levels of severity (actually support, but I digress bc this is course-specific) within ASD. What level would the following fall under?: Even with intervention, this child’s autism very significantly interferes with participation in meaningful occupations.
Very Severe
There are three levels of severity (actually support, but I digress bc this is course-specific) within ASD. What level would the following fall under?: Insistence on sameness and inflexibility is noticeable to others outside of the child’s immediate social circle.
Moderate to Severe
There are three levels of severity (actually support, but I digress bc this is course-specific) within ASD. What level would the following fall under?: Does not seek engagement with others except occasionally to get needs met.
Very Severe
Demyelination of the neurons in the CNS results in scar formation or ____________ that reduce the axon’s ability to conduct impulses.
plaques
What condition matches the following description?: When a person’s own immune system attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
What condition matches the following description?: death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
What condition matches the following description?: a process in which proteins abnormally fold and form intracellular inclusions within the cell body and neurons.
Lewy body pathology
What condition matches the following description?: scars form on the UMN in the corticospinal pathways and the functionally linked LMN in the motor nuclei of the brainstem and the anterior horn cells of the SC.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
The term for impaired quality of speech production is _________________
dysarthria
List the 3 leading causes of SCI in the United States.
motor vehicle accidents (MVA), falls, acts of violence
What SCI posttraumatic complication matches the following description?: The period of altered reflex activity immediately after the trauma.
Spinal Shock
What SCI posttraumatic complication matches the following description?: An exaggerated response of the ANS: sudden, pounding HA, diaphoresis, flushing, goose bumps, and tachycardia followed by bradycardia.
Autonomic Dysreflexia
What SCI posttraumatic complication matches the following description?: A drop in blood pressure with symptoms of light-headedness, dizziness, pallor, sudden weakness, and unresponsiveness.
Postural Hypotension
What SCI posttraumatic complication matches the following description?: Occurs due to reduced circulation caused by decreased tone, frequency of direct trauma to legs, and prolonged bed rest. Symptoms include LE swelling, localized redness, and a low-grade fever.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
What SCI posttraumatic complication matches the following description?: The abnormal formation of bone deposits on muscles, joints, and tendons. Clinical signs may include heat, pain, swelling, and a decrease in AROM or PROM.
Heterotrophic Ossification
Name the leading or most common sports-related cause of SCI
diving
Which of the following sports-related injuries account for the 2nd most common cause of SCI?
bicycling
In this condition, there is also evidence of serotonergic loss as well, which happens at a slower pace.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
Damage to the brainstem between the vestibular nuclei and the red nucleus produces ______________________, defined as an extensor posture of all extremities and/or the trunk.
decerebrate rigidity
The presence of aspiration is highly correlated with the development of ____________ .
pneumonia
During this condition, there can be lucid intervals as well as periods of confusion and anxiety within the course of a day or even hours. It is not unusual for symptoms to worsen in the evening or at night, and this phenomenon is known as ___________________
sundowning
The diagnostic criteria for ____________ are as follow:
disturbance in attention with dec. ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention.
an additional change in cognition or development of perceptual disturbance.
the disturbance quickly develops, usually within hours or days, and the severity of symptoms fluctuate throughout the course of a day.
the changes in attention and cognition cannot be explained by a preexisting or developing disorder.
there is medical evidence that the disturbance is either caused by a medical condition or developed during intoxication or w/d from a substance.
delirium
T/F:
Aspiration, or pathologic inhalation of food or mucus into the respiratory tract, was found in one third of all persons with TBI.
True
T/F: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) typically results in both coup and contrecoup injuries. The cerebrum strikes the skull (contrecoup), and then reaccelerates in the opposite direction to strike the skull at an opposite location (coup). This continues until the force of impact has been absorbed.
False
The acronym DSM-5 stands for:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
A CVA or stroke results from an interruption in the blood flow to the brain from either a blocked or ruptured blood vessel.
What type of stroke is it when brain tissue dies from an obstruction to the circulation in that area of the brain?
It is the most common type; 88% of cases.
ischemic
Define what the acronym FAST stands for:
F- Face drooping
A - Arm weakness
S - Speech difficulty
T - Time to call 911
The definition of dysphagia:
Difficulty with swallowing
A TIA is a temporary blockage of the blood supply to the brain. The symptoms occur rapidly and last <24 hours. What does the acronym stand for?
Transient Ischemic Attack
Reduce motor planning is termed:
Apraxia
If a person has a stroke with a lesion in their R optic tract, the person may be unable to respond to people, objects, or the environment on their affected side. This could be diagnosed as:
L homonymous hemianopsia
T/F:
A cerebral thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the arteries supplying the brain, causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.
True
Sudden and extreme shifts in mood that may be a result of a release of inhibition is termed:
Lability
After a person has a CVA, abnormal muscle tone may be termed either low or high.
When tone is floppy or flaccid, it is termed: [_____________].
hypotonus
After a person has a CVA, abnormal muscle tone may be termed either low or high.
When there is too much resistance and the tone is spastic, it is termed: [____________].
hypertonus
T/F: When a person has a CVA, an OT practitioner may provide intervention to facilitate normalization of muscle tone in order to regain functions for occupations. This recovery of the brain is known as neuroplasticity.
True
The acronym CVA stands for:
cerebrovascular accident
The acronym TBI stands for:
traumatic brain injury
The acronym SCI stands for:
spinal cord injury
The acronym MS stands for:
multiple sclerosis
The acronym CP stands for:
cerebral palsy
The acronym MD stands for:
muscular dystrophy
The acronym ID stands for:
intellectual disability
The acronym ADHD stands for:
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
The acronym OCD stands for:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The acronym MDD stands for:
major depressive disorder
The acronym NCD stands for:
neurocognitive disorders
The acronym AD stands for:
Alzheimer’s disease
This type of BPD involves history of an MDD and at least one hypomanic episode.
BPD II
This type of BPD involves mood swings from mania to depression.
BPD I
Chronic mood disturbance with both hypomania and depressive symptoms but less severe.
Cyclothymia
A diagnosis of MDD requires the presence of a major depressive episode, which is a period of depressed or irritable mood, with additional symptoms lasting at least _______ weeks.
2
Highly elevated or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week.
manic episode
Less intense mood and energy elevation
hypomania
Also known as unipolar depression
dysthymic disorder
Inflated sense of self-esteem or importance.
grandiosity
This lifelong brain disorder is characterized by periods of psychosis, disorganized thoughts/speech, abnormal motor behavior, and diminished volition and emotional expression.
schizophrenia
T/F: Delusions are the experience of particular sensations that are not real to others and that are experienced while awake. Hallucinations are fixed beliefs that, even in the face of contradictory evidence, are typically due to a misinterpretation of an event or experience.
False
This is the most common of all delusions, may have thought broadcasting and/or paranoia.
Persecutory
An abnormal motor behavior characterized by a loss of responsiveness to environmental cues. In extreme cases, the individual appears to be completely unresponsive.
catatonia
T/F: Rapidly changing, disconnected thoughts is known as Flight of Ideas.
true
Apprehension of danger, and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus.
anxiety
Excessive worry, irritability, muscle tension, sleep difficulty, concentration difficulty which lasts at least 6 mo.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Irrational fears which leads to avoiding certain objects and specific situations all together.
Phobia
An abrupt surge of intense fear and discomfort with physiological symptoms.
Panic attack
Experiences of fear in specific situations and these situations are avoided because thoughts may be very difficult to manage or help may not be available in the event of symptoms.
Agoraphobia
An emotional wound or shock that creates substantial, lasting damage to the psychological development of a person, often leading to neurosis, and an event or situation that causes great distress and disruption. What is this a definition for?
trauma
When a child experiences physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, and neglect from a caregiver’s actions that are based on his/her own previous parenting experiences is termed:
Transgenerational
T/F: Human resiliency is when an individual responds to adverse or traumatic events in a manner that is maladaptive and pathologic.
False
T/F: Complex trauma can be the result of polyvictimization beginning in early childhood or adolescent, occurring within the context of unpredictable, uncontrollable, and violent environments in conjunction with inconsistent or absent protective caregiving.
True
