Review for Final Flashcards
◦ Implementation of an integrated coastal management plan in an African wetland
A wetland is an area that is saturated for most time of the year. This particular African wetland is situated on a coastal area where the most primary trees that grow in the tidal zone are mangroves. The population of this African wetland is about 10,000 where main activities are fishing, hunting, and fuelwood collecting. There is no electricity in this area; therefore, mangroves are heavily cut down for energy consumption as well as for construction development. This area is facing a number of problems environmentally. For instant, there is problem with over fishing and over hunting. The deforestation of mangroves here is very severe. The locals either don’t know or they have no other choices but to cut down mangroves for daily life activities. Mangroves have very important roles. Mangroves maintain nearshore fisheries and are an important area for fish & shellfish production in the sea. Mangroves communities also protect the coast from storms, especially low-lying areas. By trapping of nutrients and sediments from drainage, mangroves protect coral reefs, sea grass meadows and coastal waters in general.
One way to solve these problems for this part of African wetland is to use the Integrated Coastline Management Approach
SOLUTION:
1) We need to do a baseline study which quantifies the problem
a. Map out the area
b. Decide on activities allowed and when and where.
c. Decide on fish quota: size, breed, amount
2) Public Participation
a. Hold community meeting;
b. Target community leaders
c. Use public figures
3) Draft Plan:
4) Final Plan
5) Implementation, Education:
6) Monitoring & Evaluation
7) Adaptive, Management
◦ Discuss the impact of Deforestation to both the community and the environment.
Community:
• Indigenous people are the biggest victim of constant deforestation
• Living forests provide employment
• Forests provide cure for many illnesses
Some hunting community is severely affected.
Environment:
* Soil erosion often increases dramatically when forest cover is removed, particularly in hill districts or where extremes of climate occur.
• deforestation can cause extra flooding and greater drought
• the result of forest loss and climatic disruption in countries with a dry climate and poor soils is often desertification
• Deforestation has direct effects on hydrological cycles and the stability of watersheds, adding to the siltation of lakes and reservoirs and consequently heightening the chances of downstream flooding.
• Deforestation leads to increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, for example: global warming.
• Deforestation permits loss of biodiversity
REDUCE biodiversity Worsen climate change by adding CO2
Nutrient Cycling
Draw out graph
Types of greenhouse gases
1) CO2
2) Methane (CH4)
3) Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
4) Halocarbons
5) Water vapor
6) Ozone (O3)
What is greehhouse gases?
atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation
What is greenhouse effect?
the energy that travels downward warms the atmosphere and the planet’s surface.
Refer to page 301 for pictorial diagram for greenhouse effect.
Why CO2 level risen so rapidly?
because burning fossil fuels transfers CO2 from underground deposits into the atmosphere.
Deforestation also contributes to rising CO2.
What is Global Climate Change?
Describes modifications in aspects of Earth’s climate, such as temperature, precipitation, and storm frequency and intensity.
What is Global Warming?
Refers specifically to an increase in Earth’s average surface temperature.
Global warming is only one aspect of global climate change, although warming does in turn drive other components of climate change.
Environmental Resistance Factors
Space, Food, Water, Disease, Disasters
What is an Ecosystem?
All organisms and nonliving entities occurring and interacting in a particular area.
examples: animals, plants, water, soil, nutrients, ..
What is an Ecotones?
Transitional zones between two ecosystems in which elements of each ecosystem mix.
What is Ecosystem services?
= benefits derived from the environment
- -> purify air and water
- -> cycle nutrients
- -> sunlight
- -> regulate climate
- -> recycle wastes
Essential services provided by healthy , normally functioning ecosystems.
==> When human activities damage ecosystems, we must devote resources to supply these services ourselves. for example: if we kill off insect predators, farmers must use synthetic pesticides that harm people and wildlife.
What is Food Security?
Food security is the guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious, and reliable food supply available to all people at all time.
Give perspective about Food Security of 2013 and Beyond.
If trends in human diet and waste in food system remain unchecked, food production would have to increase by about 70% to feed an estimated 9 billion people by 2050, with unprecedented consequences for the environment and society. With the atmospheric CO2 level is about to surpass (probably already surpass 400ppm), the global climate has been dramatically changed; the earth has been warming up for decades. The climate change is expected to impact really serious food production availability and distribution. Climate change will affect agriculture through higher temperatures, greater demand for water for crops, more variable rainfall and extreme climate events such as heat waves, floods and droughts. This poses a serious challenge to food security and availability. Agricultural lands are being transformed into development lands for housing and business, exploitation of mineral resources. This decreases in land availability for food production. One solution for the food security is through CSA-a triple win approach through increasing in food production, mitigation against climate change, and adapting to climate change.
• Increasing food production by proven practical techniques such as: mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture.
• Mitigation against climate change by crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock management, agroforestry, improved grazing, and improved water management.
• Adapting to climate change by innovative practices such as better weather forecasting, drought- and flood-tolerant crops and risk insurance.
What is One of the most important ecosystem services?
Nutrients cycle through the environment in intricate ways.
Aquifers
Underground reservoirs of spongelike regions of rock and soil that hold groundwater.
Draw the Water Cycle
chapter 2. under “Hydrologic Cycle” in textbook
