Review for Exam 1

Question 1

Molecules-cells-..-ecosystems-biosphere

Answer 1

Biological Hierarchy.

Question 2

What is more probable than order?

Answer 2

Disorder

Question 3

Are humans an open or closed system?

Answer 3

Open; maintains high level of order y extracting energy from our surroundings. Ex- Body temperature stays the same not matter how hot or cold it is outside.

Question 4

What is an inevitable consequence of creation/maintenance?

Answer 4

Entropic Pollution.

Question 5

Simple cell with no nucleus.

Answer 5

Prokaryotes.

Question 6

Complex structure with many organelles.

Answer 6

Eukaryotes.

Question 7

Equilibrium.

Answer 7

No change regardless of external forces.

Question 8

Symbiogenesis.

Answer 8

Fusion of an Archaebacterium (Avchaea) and a Eubacterium (bacteria).

Question 9

Is the tree of life a web or tree?

Answer 9

Web.

Question 10

The first life form?

Answer 10

Avchaea.

Question 11

What is a biological modification tool?

Answer 11

Atavism activation.

Question 12

What was not included in Bob May soluble problems that confronted Darwin’s theory?

Answer 12

Ignorance of the identity of the genetic material.

Question 13

The fact that not all epigenetic marks are erased during development is consistent with..

Answer 13

Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Question 14

In which of the following thermodynamic systems must entropy increase?

Answer 14

…

Question 15

What is an example of a Retrovirus?

Answer 15

HIV

Question 16

Where can silica be found in vegetation?

Answer 16

Grass.

Question 17

Open Systems

Answer 17

Can exchange energy and materials from the surrounding environment.

Question 18

Isolated System

Answer 18

Neither energy or materials can enter or leave.

Question 19

Entropy

Answer 19

A systems disorder.

Question 20

Central Dogma

Answer 20

Information flows from nucleic to protein but typically not back.

Question 21

DNA-RNA

Answer 21

Transcription

Question 22

RNA-Protein

Answer 22

Translation

Question 23

DNA’s Structure contains

Answer 23

Sugar-phosphate backbone linked to nitrogenoues bases

Question 24

Exceptions to the Central Dogma are..

Answer 24

RNA-RNA (RNA Virus’)
RNA-DNA (Retrovirus)
Protein-Protein (Prions)

Question 25

Where may you find a PrP (Prion Protein)?

Answer 25

Most abundant in the nervous system.

Question 26

Misfolded Prp proteins convert normal PrP proteins to the misfolded part of the brain leading to..

Answer 26

Fatal neurodegenerative disease.

Question 27

Genes and proteins are expressed on an as needed basis.

Answer 27

***

Question 28

What does methlyation of DNA and histones do?

Answer 28

Silences gene expression by tightening histone DNA binding.

Question 29

What does acetlyation of histones do?

Answer 29

Promotes genes to express by loosening the histone DNA binding.

Question 30

What can hyper and hypo-methlyation cause?

Answer 30

Cancer; too much silencs tumor suppressor gene, too little activates oncogenes.

Question 31

The five kingdoms are..

Answer 31

``` Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia ```

Question 32

The Three domain schemes are..

Answer 32

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Question 33

Common among Prokaryotes

Answer 33

Lateral Gene Transfer.

Question 34

Descended from free living bacteria

Answer 34

Mitochondria and chloroplast.

Question 35

Who came up with the idea of transmutation?

Answer 35

Lamarck.

Question 36

Theory of Special Creation (TSC) stated what?

Answer 36

A species could vary but only within limits. No evidence that new species have arisen from fossils.

Question 37

Define homology

Answer 37

similarity due to common descent.

Question 38

Define Genetic

Answer 38

Similarities in a DNA sequences of genes in diffferent species.

Question 39

Define Developmental

Answer 39

Similarities in embryonic traits.

Question 40

Define Structural

Answer 40

Common plan for structure that serves a different purpose for different species. ex- Forearms in humans, cats, and birds.

Question 41

Genetic homology does not imply structure homology

Answer 41

***

Question 42

Darwins implicit assumptions that variations consequent to environmental influences or organismal behavior are heritable.

Answer 42

***

Question 43

The theory of Evolution is actually made into two theories which are

Answer 43

Pattern: Descent with modification Mechanism: Natural Selection

Question 44

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 44

Co discover-er of Natural Selection.

Question 45

Lateral Gene Transport

Answer 45

Passing genes around.

Question 46

Conjugation

Answer 46

Bacteria Mating

Question 47

Transformation

Answer 47

Uptake of DNA from the environment

Question 48

Transduction

Answer 48

DNA transferr by viruses

Question 49

Step One of metabolizing cells

Answer 49

Inactivation or modification of the anabiotic

Question 50

Step Two of metabolizing cells

Answer 50

Alteration of antibiotics target site that reduces its binding capacity.

Question 51

Step Three of metabolizing cells

Answer 51

Modification of metabolic pathways.

Question 52

Step Four of metabolizing cells

Answer 52

Reducing intracellular anaiotic accumulation.

Question 53

Two mechanisms that promote the spread of resistance

Answer 53

Mutation/Selection and induction (reduced influx increased efflux)

Question 54

Persister Cells

Answer 54

metabolically inactive; may be source of recurrent infections. ex- UTIs

Question 55

Limits to selection are

Answer 55

Genetic constraints, developmental constraints, history and tradeoffs.

Question 56

Genetic Constraints

Answer 56

``` Pleiotrophy (one gene- many effects) Finite variability (not all phenotype possible) ```

Question 57

Developmental Constraits

Answer 57

Correlated characters - fox ex. Mutations affecting early stages of development are more likely to deleterious than mutations affecting later stages of development.

Question 58

History

Answer 58

Genetic code is universal because was present in the ancestor of all living organisms. Land vertebrates walk on four legs because their ancestors fins evolved into limbs.

Question 59

Tradeoffs-whats good for one is bad for another

Answer 59

Secondary compounds protect plants against herbivorous insects but decrease rates of leave/stem/seed production because it is too expensive to synthesize.