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BIO 182 > Review for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Review for Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecules-cells-..-ecosystems-biosphere

A

Biological Hierarchy.

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2
Q

What is more probable than order?

A

Disorder

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3
Q

Are humans an open or closed system?

A

Open; maintains high level of order y extracting energy from our surroundings. Ex- Body temperature stays the same not matter how hot or cold it is outside.

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4
Q

What is an inevitable consequence of creation/maintenance?

A

Entropic Pollution.

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5
Q

Simple cell with no nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes.

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6
Q

Complex structure with many organelles.

A

Eukaryotes.

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7
Q

Equilibrium.

A

No change regardless of external forces.

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8
Q

Symbiogenesis.

A

Fusion of an Archaebacterium (Avchaea) and a Eubacterium (bacteria).

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9
Q

Is the tree of life a web or tree?

A

Web.

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10
Q

The first life form?

A

Avchaea.

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11
Q

What is a biological modification tool?

A

Atavism activation.

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12
Q

What was not included in Bob May soluble problems that confronted Darwin’s theory?

A

Ignorance of the identity of the genetic material.

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13
Q

The fact that not all epigenetic marks are erased during development is consistent with..

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

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14
Q

In which of the following thermodynamic systems must entropy increase?

A

…

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15
Q

What is an example of a Retrovirus?

A

HIV

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16
Q

Where can silica be found in vegetation?

A

Grass.

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17
Q

Open Systems

A

Can exchange energy and materials from the surrounding environment.

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18
Q

Isolated System

A

Neither energy or materials can enter or leave.

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19
Q

Entropy

A

A systems disorder.

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20
Q

Central Dogma

A

Information flows from nucleic to protein but typically not back.

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21
Q

DNA-RNA

A

Transcription

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22
Q

RNA-Protein

A

Translation

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23
Q

DNA’s Structure contains

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone linked to nitrogenoues bases

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24
Q

Exceptions to the Central Dogma are..

A

RNA-RNA (RNA Virus’)
RNA-DNA (Retrovirus)
Protein-Protein (Prions)

25
Q

Where may you find a PrP (Prion Protein)?

A

Most abundant in the nervous system.

26
Q

Misfolded Prp proteins convert normal PrP proteins to the misfolded part of the brain leading to..

A

Fatal neurodegenerative disease.

27
Q

Genes and proteins are expressed on an as needed basis.

A
28
Q

What does methlyation of DNA and histones do?

A

Silences gene expression by tightening histone DNA binding.

29
Q

What does acetlyation of histones do?

A

Promotes genes to express by loosening the histone DNA binding.

30
Q

What can hyper and hypo-methlyation cause?

A

Cancer; too much silencs tumor suppressor gene, too little activates oncogenes.

31
Q

The five kingdoms are..

A 
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
32
Q

The Three domain schemes are..

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

33
Q

Common among Prokaryotes

A

Lateral Gene Transfer.

34
Q

Descended from free living bacteria

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast.

35
Q

Who came up with the idea of transmutation?

A

Lamarck.

36
Q

Theory of Special Creation (TSC) stated what?

A

A species could vary but only within limits. No evidence that new species have arisen from fossils.

37
Q

Define homology

A

similarity due to common descent.

38
Q

Define Genetic

A

Similarities in a DNA sequences of genes in diffferent species.

39
Q

Define Developmental

A

Similarities in embryonic traits.

40
Q

Define Structural

A

Common plan for structure that serves a different purpose for different species. ex- Forearms in humans, cats, and birds.

41
Q

Genetic homology does not imply structure homology

A
42
Q

Darwins implicit assumptions that variations consequent to environmental influences or organismal behavior are heritable.

A
43
Q

The theory of Evolution is actually made into two theories which are

A

Pattern: Descent with modification
Mechanism: Natural Selection

44
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Co discover-er of Natural Selection.

45
Q

Lateral Gene Transport

A

Passing genes around.

46
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria Mating

47
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of DNA from the environment

48
Q

Transduction

A

DNA transferr by viruses

49
Q

Step One of metabolizing cells

A

Inactivation or modification of the anabiotic

50
Q

Step Two of metabolizing cells

A

Alteration of antibiotics target site that reduces its binding capacity.

51
Q

Step Three of metabolizing cells

A

Modification of metabolic pathways.

52
Q

Step Four of metabolizing cells

A

Reducing intracellular anaiotic accumulation.

53
Q

Two mechanisms that promote the spread of resistance

A

Mutation/Selection and induction (reduced influx increased efflux)

54
Q

Persister Cells

A

metabolically inactive; may be source of recurrent infections. ex- UTIs

55
Q

Limits to selection are

A

Genetic constraints, developmental constraints, history and tradeoffs.

56
Q

Genetic Constraints

A 
Pleiotrophy (one gene- many effects)
Finite variability (not all phenotype possible)
57
Q

Developmental Constraits

A

Correlated characters - fox ex.
Mutations affecting early stages of development are more likely to deleterious than mutations affecting later stages of development.

58
Q

History

A

Genetic code is universal because was present in the ancestor of all living organisms.
Land vertebrates walk on four legs because their ancestors fins evolved into limbs.

59
Q

Tradeoffs-whats good for one is bad for another

A

Secondary compounds protect plants against herbivorous insects but decrease rates of leave/stem/seed production because it is too expensive to synthesize.

BIO 182 (1 decks)

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