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Radiography > Review Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Review Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the radiation characteristics

A

X-ray beam quality, quantity, and intensity

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2
Q

Define quality

A

The mean energy or penetrating ability of the X-ray beam

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3
Q

What controls the quality and why?

A

KVP. Because the kvp controls the energy and wavelength of the x-ray beam

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4
Q

What is voltage and how is it measured?

A

Voltage is the measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from the negative cathode to the positive anode. Measured in KV

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5
Q

What regulates the speed and energy of the electrons?

A

Voltage, or kilovoltage KVP, KV

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6
Q

What is density?

A

Overall darkness or blackness of an image

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7
Q

What would make a darker image?

A

Raising the KVP or MA

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8
Q

What does contrast refer too?

A

How sharply dark and light areas are differentiated or separated on an image

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9
Q

If an image has high contrast will it have many shades of grey?

A

No it will have more dark areas

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10
Q

When would you want a high contrast image specifically?

A

For Bitewings

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11
Q

If you lower the KVP what happens to you contrast of your image?

A

Your contrast increases

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12
Q

What does exposure time refer to?

A

The interval of time during which X-rays are produced

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13
Q

How is the exposure time measured?

A

In impulses

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14
Q

I impulse occurs every?

A

1/60 of a second

Therefore 60 impulses occur in 1 second

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15
Q

If the KVP is decreased the exposure time?

A

Exposure time should be increased

Because if you lower the KVP you will have less penetrating beam power so you will need for X-ray time on the matter you are trying to capture

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16
Q

If KVP increased then exposure time?

A

Exposure time increases

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17
Q

What does exposure time effect?

A

Contrast and density which ultimately effects the overall quality

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18
Q

If someone had a hard time staying still during film exposure what settings would you change?

A

The mA could be increased while the exposure time is decreased

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19
Q

What is mA usually preset too?

A

7 mA

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20
Q

mA increases the heating of what part in the tube head?

A

Tungsten filament at the negative pole cathode

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21
Q

What does mA do?

A

Increases quantity of photons (X-rays) by increasing the number of electrons produced in the cathode

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22
Q

Does a high mA increase the temperature?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Increase in mA has what effect on density?

A

Increase in mA increases overall density results in a darker image

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24
Q

Decrease in mA has what effect on density?

A

Decreased overall density

Resulting in a lighter image

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25
Q

What should you do with exposure time for small children?

A

Decrease it

26
Q

What is intensity?

A

Product of quantity and quality per unit of area per unit of time of exposure

27
Q

What are the several distances you must consider when exposing a dental radiograph?

A

Target surface distance
Target object distance
Target receptor distance
Object film distance

28
Q

What is the relationship between distance and intensity of radiation called?

A

Inverse square law

29
Q

If the distance of the X-ray tube increases what happens to intensity?

A

The intensity decreases

Think of a flashlight on a wall

30
Q

If the PID length is changed from 8 to 16” how does this increase in source-to-receptor distance affect the intensity of the beam?

A

The beam will be 1/4 as intense

31
Q

What is the purpose of the aluminium filter?

A

Reduce intensity and remove the low Energy X-rays from the beam

32
Q

What is HVL?

A

Half value layer.

Refers to the thickness of aluminum when placed in the path of the X-ray beam reduces the intensity by 1/2

33
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Travels at the speed of light
Travels as both particle and a wave
Possesses different measurable energies: frequencies and wavelengths

34
Q

Wavelength

A

Measured by the crests (peaks) of one wave and crest of the next
Determines entertainment and penetrating power of radiation

35
Q

What is frequency

A

Number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time
High frequency=short wavelength
Short frequency=long wavelength

36
Q

What is x-radiation

A

High energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation

37
Q

X-ray

A

Posses particles of waves and particles
Photons
Travels at the speed of light
Posses short wavelengths and high frequency
X-rays travel in straight lines and can be deflected or scattered
Cause ionization in tissue

38
Q

Where are X-rays produced?

A

Tube head

39
Q

What is in the tubehead?

A

Cathode terminal anode terminal

40
Q

What is inside the tube head envelope?

A

Lead and the tubehead is insulated by surrounding oil

41
Q

Where is the molybdenum and what is its purpose?

A

It is in the cathode and embed’s the tungsten filament. It is responsible for directing the electrons to the tungsten target of the anode

42
Q

Incandescence

A

The cool becomes white with the generation of heat

43
Q

What is the anode made of

A

Copper rod to dissipate heat and tungsten target

44
Q

What is the collimator?

A

Lead plate with a central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where the X-rays exit

45
Q

What restricts the size of the X-ray beam

A

Collimator

46
Q

What is exposure time affected by

A

Radio graphic technique
Type of X-ray film
Tissues being radiographed
Target film distance

47
Q

An X-ray machine is capable of generating radiation?

A

1/60 of a second

48
Q

Does alternating current flow in continuous direction?

A

No

49
Q

What are transformers?

A

Devices used to increase or decrease the voltage in an electrical circuit

50
Q

What do transformers do?

A

Transformers alter the voltage of the incoming electrical current and then route the electrical energy to the X-ray tube

51
Q

What are the 3 transformers used?

A

Step down
Step up
Autotransformers

52
Q

General radiation

A

Consists of many different energies and wavelengths

Occurs when an electron hits the nucleus or comes close to the nucleus of the tungsten atom

53
Q

Primary radiation

A

X-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and exits the tube head
Referred to as primary or useful beam

54
Q

Secondary radiation

A

X-radiation that is created when primary beam interacts with matter ex: tissues of head
Less penetrating than primary radiation

55
Q

Scatter radiation

A

Form of secondary

56
Q

Compton scatter

A

Ejected electron is known as Compton or recoil electron possessing a negative charge
Compton accounts for 62% of the scatter that occurs in radiography

57
Q

Who first discovered X-rays

A

Dr.wilhelm Conrad roentgen

58
Q

Who introduced bisecting technique

A

Weston price

59
Q

Who introduced bite wing tech

A

Howard Riley raper

60
Q

Who introduced paralleling technique

A

C.Edmund Kelly

Radiography (3 decks)

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