Review ch 8 &9

Question 1

 Bomb calorimeter

Answer 1

instrument used to measure energy value,

overstated value of the energy the body derives from food

Question 2

 Appetite, Hunger, Satiety, Satiation

Answer 2

Appetite– thought, sight, smell of food
Hunger– feeling that prompts us to eat or not to eat typically 4 hour intervals, stomach has been empty, absence of nutrients in blood stream
Satiety— feeling of satisfaction that halts eating for several hours (determines frequency of meals)
Satiation– feeling of fullness halts eating (determines size of meals)

Question 3

 Indirect and Direct Calorimetry

Answer 3

indirect– a measure of carbon dioxide expelled and oxygen consumed (human)
direct– a direct measure of the amount of heat released (bomb calorimeter)

Question 4

 Hypothalmus

Answer 4

control center of brain regulates appetite

Question 5

 Most satiating nutrient

Answer 5

protein,

Question 6

 Neuropeptide Y

Answer 6

stimulates appetite, causes carb cravings, decreases energy expenditure, increases fat storage, and favors positive energy balance and weight gain

Question 7

 Thermogenesis

Answer 7

(generation of heat) energy expended
 for basal metabolism
Energy expended for physical activity 
Energy expended for food processing 
Energy expended for adaption

Question 8

 Basal Metabolism

Answer 8

energy to maintain the bodies basic life processes

Question 9

 Features that increase or decrease BMR

Answer 9

1

Question 10

 BMR differences between males and females

Answer 10

1

Question 11

 Factors that determine amount of energy required for an activity

Answer 11

Gender
Growth
Age
Physical activity
Body composition
Body size

Question 12

 Adaptive Thermogenesis

Answer 12

adjustment in energy related to environmental changes- stresses

Question 13

 BMI

Answer 13

body mass index=weight (kg)/height (m)2

Question 14

 Central Obesity and its risks

Answer 14

Increases risks for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, HTN, some types of Cancer.

Question 15

 Waist circumference - risks

Answer 15

Waist circumference
Women w/ WC greater than 35 inches
Men w/ WC greater than 40 inches

Greater health risks can occur with the listed waist measurments

Question 16

 Risks of being underweight

Answer 16

Health risks of underweight:
Malnutrition, smoking, drug or alcohol abuse
Decreased immunity
Menstrual irregularities and infertility
Osteoporosis and bone fractures

Question 17

 Hyperplastic obesity

Answer 17

Hyperplastic obesity – obesity due to an increase in the NUMBER of fat cells

Question 18

 Hypertrophic obesity

Answer 18

Hypertrophic obesity – obesity due to an increase in SIZE of fat cells

Question 19

 Causes of obesity

Answer 19

Genetics – May not necessarily be a genetic mutation, but genetic influences are definitely a factor.

Determines your susceptibility.

Environment
Gene pool – genetic information of a population
Gene pool has remained the same, obesity continues to rise

Overeating
Physical Inactivity

Question 20

 Leptin

Answer 20

Protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene
Acts as a hormone, decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.
Favors negative energy balance
Mice study
Rare genetic deficiency of leptin has been identified in humans
Injections only effective in overweight and obese individuals

Question 21

 DRI recommendations for exercise

Answer 21

60 mins of exercise per day

Question 22

 Benzocaine

Answer 22

Over-the-counter drug
Benzocaine
Only one approved by FDA
Reduces taste sensation

Question 23

 Orlistat

Answer 23

Inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract thus blocking digestion and absorption of dietary fat and limiting energy intake.

Side Effects: Cramping, diarreha, gas, frequent bowel movements, reduced absorbtion of fat soluable vitamins, rare cases of liver damage

Question 24

 Sibutramine

Answer 24

Sibutramine (Meridia) – appetite suppressant

Question 25

 The best approach to weight loss

Answer 25

``` Behavior and attitude Behavior modification What triggers your behavior? Become aware of behaviors Keep a record. Change behaviors Slowly, one at a time. ``` Personal attitude Support groups Weight Watchers

Question 26

 Basal metabolism after exercise

Answer 26

elevated after exercise

Question 27

 Lag time for feeling of satiety

Answer 27

Lag Time – 20 minutes

Question 28

 “Spot reducing”

Answer 28

Spot reducing does not exist.

Question 29

 Percentage of adults that are classified as underweight.

Answer 29

Affects no more than 5% of the population.

Question 30

Positive Energy Balance

Answer 30

Consume more than you expend | Leads to wt gain

Question 31

Negative Energy Balance

Answer 31

Expend more than you consume | Leads to wt loss

Question 32

 BMR differences between males and females

Answer 32

Men have a BMR 5 to 10% higher than women. This can be attributed to their increased lean muscle mass and less fat in their body. Hormones – Certain hormones are responsible for increasing or decreasing metabolism. For example a decrease in thyroid hormone may lead to approximately a 15% decrease in metabolism. Similarly, there may be a 5% increase in body’s metabolism during a woman’s luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.