Review and Integration of Energy Metabolism (Exam II) Flashcards
Function of liver (metabolism)
- maintains blood glucose level (70-100mg/dL). It has glucose-6-phosphatase so its stored glycogen can contribute to blood glucose. It also makes glucose via glucogneogenesis
- preferentially uses fatty acids and amino acids for its own energy requirements, sparing glucose for glucose-dependent tissues.
- makes ketone bodies, an alternate fuel, BUT does not use them for its own energy requirements. Why? Lacks transferase that moves CoA from succinyl CoA to acetoacetate.
- deaminates amino acids (1° straight chain) and converts the toxic NH3 to non-toxic urea. The C-skeletons can enter the pathways of energy metabolism.
- makes fatty acids using acetyl CoA generated from pyruvate and NADPH from PPP; makes TAG by esterifying fa to glycerol; makes glycerol backbone from glucose.
Function of muscle (metabolism)
- stores glycogen for its own use during exercise
- under anaerobic conditions generates lactate which can be used by liver for gluconeogenesis (Cori Cycle)
- synthesizes and “stores” protein; no dedicated storage form for energy production
- resting muscle preferentially uses faty acids (takes them up from VLDLs in circulation) and amino acids, especially BCAA, (and ketone bodies, if available) for its energy needs
Function of adipose (metabolism)
Stores TAG. It takes up fa from VLDLs in the circulation and esterifies them to make TAG or oxidizes them to acetyl CoA; makes the glycerol 3-P from DHAP.
It degrades TAG to fa + glycerol BUT can’t use the free glycerol to make glucose because it lacks glycerol kinase. The glycerol is sent out and used by the liver (and kidney) to make glucose, as they do have glycerol kinase.
Cytosolic Reactions
- Glycolysis
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- FA synthesis
- PPP (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
- Urea cycle (partly here, partly in mitochondria)
- Gluconeogenesis (partly here, partly in mitochondria)
Mitochondrial Reactions
- Matrix
a. PDH
b. TCA cycle (except succinate dehydrogenase: associated with mitochondrial
membrane)
c. β oxidation of fa (and ketogenesis in liver) - Inner membrane
a. oxidative phosphorylation
Hepatic Enzymes more active when I/G ratio is HIGH
acetyl CoA carboxylase (acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA)
fatty acid synthase (synthesis of palmitate from malonyl-CoA & acetyl CoA)
glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (PPP)
glycerol 3-P acyltransferase
glucokinase (glucose to G6P)
PFK1 (F6P to F-1,6-BP)
PK (PEP to pyruvate)
Hepatic Enzymes more active when I/G ratio is LOW
carnitine acyltransferase I (beta oxidation)
glucose 6-phosphatase (gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (gluconeogenesis)
pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to OAA)
High energy signals
ATP
citrate
acetyl CoA (in cytosol)
Low energy signals
cAMP
AMP
ADP
P
High glucose signals
fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (in liver)
glucose-6-phosphate
Low glucose signals
cAMP
Acetyl CoA carboxylase: covalent effectors
active when deP; inactive when P
glycogen phosphorylase: covalent effectors
active when deP; active when P
glycogen phosphorylase kinase: covalent effectors
active when P; inactive when deP
glycogen synthase: covalent effectors
active when deP; inactive when P
PDH: covalent effectors
active when deP; inactive when P
PFK2 (kinase domain): covalent effectors
active when deP; inactive when P
PK: covalent effectors
active when deP; inactive when P