Review Flashcards
Bandura, self efficacy beliefs have four sources
prior accomplishments, observation of others, verbal persuasion, emotional & physiological states
Ebbinghaus memorized lists of nonsense syllables when studying memory. Results of his research indicated
that:
Rote learning of syllables tends to lead to rapid forgetting.
Describe the DSM 5 Diagnostic criteria for Binge eating Disorder
Recurrent & persistent episodes of binge eating
1 episode weekly for at least 3 months
Marked distress
Absence of compensatory behavior ( eg. purging)
The highest levels of learning & performance are usually associated with
Moderate level of arousal ( Yerkes- Dodson Law)
A problem with establishing comparable worth is that :
The job evaluation techniques themselves may be biased
In terms of incremental validity, which situations most support the use of a new predictor?
A moderate base rate with many applicants and a few job openings.
Major Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV infection has been linked to abnormalities in what structure of the brain?
Putamen and striatum ( due to decreased dopamine transporters)
Both are part of the basal ganglia, which is involved in voluntary motor activity.
Neurocognitive Disorder due to HIV infection includes impairments in what ?
Motor functioning ( eg. tremors and clumsiness)
The majority of synapses in the human nervous system are ________ synapses.
Chemical synapses
That involves the release of a neurotransmitter
What are characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
Resting tremor, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, and impaired balance and coordination
SUDS (Subjective Units of Distress Scale)
The client rates his/her level of anxiety on a scale ranging from 1 to 100 (or from 1 to 10) at regular intervals during exposure.
A single exposure session should continue until a 50% reduction in anxiety level occurs
Flooding involves:
Exposing the client to high anxiety-arousing situations.
Anxiety level is regularly monitored to determine the progress of the exposure during a single session/ and or over multiple sessions.
If a psychologist is requested by a defense attorney to evaluate and testify about a defendant for the purpose of establishing the defense of insanity, the psychologist should:
Psychologist’s would want to refrain from concluding whether or not the defendant is “insane,” You can testify about the client’s mental state at the time of the crime. Privilege is waived when a defendant claims insanity, the defendant should be informed of the limits of confidentiality prior to the evaluation.
A practitioner of Minuchin’s structural family therapy uses what strategy to alter the hierarchical relationships within a family system or subsystem?
Unbalancing is used by structural family therapists.
It may involve affiliating, ignoring or entering into a coalition with a family member against another member.
Q 1. The basal ganglia is involved in the regulation of movement and consists of other structures, including what ?
Q 2. Abnormalities in these structures have been linked to ?
A1. Caudate Nucleus and Globus Pallidus
A2. ADHD
Studies comparing the age at which gays and lesbians first disclose their sexual orientation to a friend, family member, or other person have found that:
The average age of disclosure for gay men and lesbians are not significantly different.
When attempting to expand your private practice, it is important to keep in mind that in-person solicitations:
Are unethical when they include deceptive information or when the person solicited is susceptible to undue influence.
A new selection test is having an adverse impact on females. To determine if the adverse impact is being caused by “unfairness,” you would check:
the criterion (performance) scores obtained by males and females.
Unfairness occurs when:
The validity coefficients and criterion performance for two groups are similar but members of the groups perform differently on the predictor.
Organizational culture exists on which of the following three levels?
observable artifacts, values and beliefs, and underlying assumptions.
One prediction of goal-setting theory, with regard to task difficulty, the studies have shown that:
The less complex the task, the stronger the link between goal difficulty and productivity.
The central executive controls and regulates three specialized “slave” systems, what are they:
The phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
The central executive serves a number of supervisory functions including:
Focusing and switching attention
Controlling encoding and retrieval strategies
Up to _____% of new mothers exhibit “baby blues,” a less severe condition that involves mood swings and sleep disturbances.
80 % of new mothers do experience some degree of post-partum “blues.”
When using Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person’s stage of identity development is determined by:
Assessing his/her attitudes toward the minority and majority cultures.
In training, “identical elements” is most useful for ___ and refers to ___ ?
Transfer of training
When learning conditions are similar to performance conditions
An African American individual in the immersion substage of the immersion-emersion stage of Cross’s (1991) Black Racial Identity Development Model will exhibit which of the following?
Intense involvement in African American culture
The APA’s Guidelines for Test User Qualifications recommend that:
You obtain legal advice regarding the administration and use of a test if
developed or normed for a different population/purpose, then what you intend.
According to John D. Krumboltz (1996), career development and career choice are related primarily to:
Social Learning i.e., modelling and other aspects of the social environment. His theory is referred to as the Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making (SLTCDM)
Punishment is used to reduce undesirable behaviors & is most effective when used:
In conjunction with reinforcement for alternate desirable behaviors.
For most children, expressions of pride, shame, and guilt are first evident by ________ months of age.
Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment emerge at about 18 to 24 months of age and are followed by pride, shame, and guilt at about 30 months.
For Carl Jung, transference is:
elements of the client’s personal and collective unconscious are projected onto the therapist.
As defined by Wrenn (1985), a “culturally encapsulated” counselor:
disregards cultural differences and defines everyone’s reality according to his/her own cultural assumptions and stereotypes.
Nonsexist therapy, in comparison to feminist therapy, places greater emphasis on:
modification of personal behaviour
What is NOT included as an Alcohol-Related Disorder in the DSM-5?
Alcohol Dependence
In comparison to bilateral ECT, unilateral ECT to the right (non dominant) hemisphere an individual will experience:
Memory loss, retrograde amnesia, also anterograde amnesia for verbal and nonverbal tasks.
Eysenck research concluded :
Effects of psychotherapy “small” or “non existent”. Any positive effects may be due to spontaneous remission
Smith, Glass & Miller research concluded:
The average therapy client is better off than 80% of those who need therapy but remain untreated.
Howard et al. research concluded:
Dose Dependent effect: the relationship between treatment length and outcome. 75% improvement at about 26 sessions, 85% at 52 sessions.
Research on Biofeedback show that :
- It’s equally effective as relaxation is for hypertension, -tension headache & lower back pain.
- Thermal biofeedback + relaxation is BEST for migraines.
- Thermal biofeedback better by its self for Raynaud’s disease
What is Reciprocal Determinism?
a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
Toleman’s Latent Learning :
Learning can occur without reinforcement.
Eg: rats in a complex maze, formed cognitive maps of the maze without being rewarded to do so.
Kohler’s Insight Learning :
An “aha” moment. The ability to apply previous learning in different ways to solve unfamiliar problems.
Observational Learning Theory:
(Bandura), learning occurs without vicarious or external reinforcement.
When used to treat phobias, Participant Modelling is most effective.
A therapist instructs a client who suffers from insomnia to polish his hardwood floors for at least two hours whenever he wakes up during the night. this is the work of:
paradoxical techniques and ordeals associated with Milton Erickson and Jay Haley (who was strongly influenced by Erickson).
In the context of Freudian psychoanalysis, the goal of confrontation is to:
makes a statement or asks a question that connects the client’s behavior to an unconscious motivation or conflict.
From a psychoanalytic perspective, a phobia is:
an externalization of a forbidden impulse.
An African American therapy client exhibiting the “split-self syndrome” as a response to racial oppression will most likely:
evaluate oneself against White standards.
Ho (1987) and others have recommended the use of a(n) __________ approach when working with African American therapy clients.
Boyd-Franklin refers to this approach as a “multisystems model,” Ho uses the term “ecostructural.
A client has a strong need for attention, power and desire to get even with anyone who he thinks has wronged him. Therapy based on the work of which of the following would be best suited for this client ?
Adler, people are motivated primarily by the need to belong (i.e., by social interest). However, this need may be misdirected into one of four goals: attention, power, revenge, or to display inadequacy.
As described by Sue and Zane (1987), when working with Asian American clients, “gift-giving”:
Examples of “gifts” that can be given during initial therapy sessions include normalizing the client’s distress, instilling a sense of hopefulness, and identifying concrete and mutually agreed upon goals.
When working with an African American client exhibiting “healthy cultural paranoia,” an Anglo therapist would be best advised to:
Bring his/her feelings into conscious awareness and help the client clarify when appropriate or inappropriate to self-disclose.
The purpose of the Family Map in Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy:
To clarify the nature of boundaries within the family system.
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development differ from Piaget’s theory in terms of their:
Emphasis on information processing
Name 5 things about Reciprocal Determinism?
Bandura, Social Learning Theory, ( persons behavior, their cognition & affect & environment)
Split half reliability
Internal consistency.
Dividing it into two groups ( even & odd) will produce two test measures that give results identical to each other.
Test retest reliability
The extent to which an assessment measure gives the same results when given to the same people more than once.
Eg. If high - results will be the same
If low - different
The longer the interval btwn tests the lower the test retest
