review Flashcards
the term “efferent” is typically associated with ______ and the term “afferent” with ________.
motor output; sensory input.
clusters of cell bodies below the cortex but within the central nervous system (eg. deep in the cerebral hemispheres or in the brainstem) are called?
nuclei
the primary motor cortex is located in the:
frontal lobe
what is a central pattern generator?
neuronal circuits that can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, and swallowing in the absence of higher cortical imputs
The thalamus receives all the __information from the brain stem and relays it to specific cortical areas.
motor
sensory
olfaction
sensory
A ___________is a rod-like unit in a muscle cell.
myofibrils
This type of muscle is involuntary and makes up part of the esophagus. Please click on the WORDS, not the images.
smooth muscle
define the types of skeletal muscle fibers to their properties. Type l Type ll Type ll A Type ll B
high endurance, slow to fire.
low endurance, fast to fire.
medium endurance and high force.
greatest force generator and fatigues easily.
Hypotonicity
reduced resistance, flaccidity, or “floppiness”.
Hypertonicity
increased resistance, spasticity.
Which of the following types of training involve increasing the work a muscle must perform during a specified period of time or reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force?
Endurance training
Strength training
Power training
Power training
Which of the following is the relationship between muscle length and tension?
dynamics
at the neuromuscular junction, what happens to the post synaptic muscle cell as it is depolarized.
the muscle contacts
Sprinters are likely capitalizing on which muscle type?
Type l
For reflexes, the afferent signal makes connection with efferent neurons at the:
spinal cord
the term for how long a contraction is held is:
duration
Overload principle: the muscle must be challenged at a force that is ________ than that to which it it accustomed.
greater
what are the steps of muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
- Presynaptic: releases vesicles of acetylcholine.
- Postsynaptic: acetylcholine binds to specialized receptors in the muscles motor endplate.
- Underlying muscle fibers are depolarized and contract.
What are the functions of neurotransmitters?
excitatory = Ions depolarize Inhibitory = hyperpolarized cell
somatic nervous system
where?
what?
PNS
controls voluntary movements
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic division
sympathetic division
where and what is the autonomic nervous system?
PNS
involentary
where and what is the parasympathetic division?
PNS
rest and digest
where and what is the sympathetic division?
PNS
flight or flight
grey matter includes what?
Ganglia: cell bodies PNS
Nuclei: cell bodies CNS
White matter includes what?
Tract: axons CNS
Nerves: axons PNS
what is ganglia?
cell bodies PNS
what are nuclei?
cell bodies CNS
what is myelin?
insulation on the axon of the neuron
what does myelin do?
it’s a protective layer, makes neuron signals faster.
what is CSF?
- filtered blood that protects the brain
- cerebral spinal fluid
- floats brain
- filters toxins/ waste material.
what are glial cells?
PNS
Satellite cells- regulate chemical environment
swan cells- insulate neurons with myelin
CNS
astrocytes- anchor neurons to each other internally.
microglial: removes dead material
what are satellite cells?
glial cells that regulate the chemical environment, part of the PNS
what are swan cells?
glial cells that insulate neurons with myelin part of the PNS
what are astrocytes?
anchor neurons to each other internally, part of the CNS
what are microglial cells?
removes dead material, part of the CNS.
what is a subdural hematoma? What are the implications if not treated immediately?
a stroke where blood gathers between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. Death
what are the different planes that are used when describing human anatomy?
coronal
sagittal
transverse
what are the steps of action potential?
- resting state
- depolarization
- rising phase of action potential
- falling phase of action potential
- undershoot
the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere controls what?
executive movement of the right side of the body.
what is the function of the primary function of the primary somatosensory cortex of the left hemisphere.
sensory cortex that receives input to pain/touch stimuli from the right side of the body.
list a few examples of how the frontal lobe can be damaged. Explain the effects that a damaged frontal lobe would have on an individual.
How it can be damaged: TBI, stroke, lesion, lack of O2 to the brain. damage effects: change in executive function increase in risky behaviors little spontaneous facial expressions
what are the different parts of the neuron?
dendrites soma (cell body) nucleus axon terminal buttons
what is the difference between glial cells and neurons?
glial cells: support cell function - communication (astrocytes)
neurons: (transmit signals - communication
what are sarcomeres made up of?
two protein myofilaments = actin and myosin
what cause muscles to contract by pulling filaments together and apart.
sarcomeres
what gives the striated appearance to skeletal and cardiac muscle?
sarcomeres
what is actin and myosin?
they are protein myofilament
filaments of actin and myosin form together to form what?
myofibrils
myofibrils are bundled together to form what?
muscle fibers
these muscle fibers, along with mitochondria, nuclei and sarcomeres (cellular membrane) are?
muscle cells
muscle cells get bundled together to form what?
fascicles
fascicles combine to form a?
muscle
what are the three muscle types?
1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth
what are skeletal muscles?
mostly voluntary
anchored by tendons to bone
what are cardiac muscles?
involuntary
found in the heart
what are smooth muscles
mostly involuntary
organs such as the stomach,
bladder, part of the esophagus
which muscles are striated (striped form sarcomeres)?
skeletal and cardiac muscles
example of a muscular hydrostat?
tongue
what is a muscular hydrostat?
- no skeletal support
- provides it’s own movement and support.
what do the intrinsic and extrinsic portions of the tongue do?
intrinsic: changes the shape of the tongue.
extrinsic: changes the position of the tongue in space.
what causes movement?
- sensory stimuli trigger afferent neurons.
- information travels to brain where a motor plan is created.
- motor plan is carried via efferent neurons to muscles
- motor plan reaches muscles– movement happens!
EXCEPTION: ……. Reflexes
signal doesn’t go all the way to the brain
Steps of a reflex
- sensory stimuli triggers afferent neurons.
- information travels to the spinal cord.
- direct connection to efferent neurons.
- Muscles carry out motor plan– movement happens!
force/intensity is what?
resistance to movement or amount of force required. At midrange intensities, endurance also improves.
speed/rate/velocity
speed at which movement is carried out. exercise speeds should match the desired outcome.
duration
amount of time a muscle contraction is held. may improve strength or endurance.
dynamics
relationship between muscle length and tension.
isometric contractions
tension increases, muscle length constant
ex: wall sit, plank
isotonic contractions
tension constant, muscle length changes
ex: bicep curls, push ups
frequency
number of training sessions scheduled per unit of time.
progression
systematic increase of resistance, velocity or duration.
endurance
the ability for a muscle to exert submaximal force repeatedly over an extended period of time.
strength
ability of a muscle to exert maximum force against a resistance.
power
ability of a muscle to exert force times distance per unit of time
weakness
reduced ability to produce force
disrupted tone
muscles resistance to passive stretching
2 examples of disrupted tone:
hypotonicity
hypertonicity
fatigue
decline in muscle force generated over time (reduced endurance).
endurance training
low-intensity muscle contractions, a large number of repetitions, and a prolonged time period.
strength training
systematic procedure of having a muscle produce force against a resistance for a relatively low number of repetitions over a short period of time.
the amount of resistance applied to the muscle needs to be incrementally and progressively increased.
power training
increasing the work a muscle must perform during a specific period of time, or reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force.
one rep maximum (IRM)
the muscle must perform at a level greater than that at which it is accustomed to.
reasons for (IRM)
- identify baseline strength measurement.
- identify initial exercise load
dosage to improve strength
- determine IRM
- complete higher number of reps. (15 or greater) at 80% of IRM for 2-3 sets
- when fatigue no longer occurs after completing target number of repetitions. increase the resistance to overload the muscle again.
dosage to improve endurance
Method #1: 3-5 sets of 40-50 reps with low resistance.
Method #2: hold an isometric muscle contraction for incrementally longer period of time.
IOPI
measure lip and tongue strength
normative data is available.
what is white matter?
- axons
- get coloring from myelination.
- deeper brain, and outer portions of spinal cord.
what is grey matter?
- cell bodies
- brain surface and inner part of the spinal cord.
what’s the difference between tracts and nerves?
- tracts= axons in CNS
- nerves= axons in PNS
what is the difference between ganglia and nuclei?
- ganglia= clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
- nuclei= clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
what is lateralized function and what is specialized function?
- lateralized= function primarily controlled by one hemisphere
- specialized= certain regions serve distinct functions.
what are the cells in the nervous system?
-Glial cells= provide support to neurons and nervous system
-neurons= signaling cells
-
when a neuron is signaled one of two things can happen…
graded potentials
action potentials
what happens in action potential?
- depolarizes the cell, causes electrical energy to travel from the soma down the axon, to the terminal buttons.
- depending on the neurotransmitter, the postsynaptic cell is inhibited or excited.
what is a neuromuscular junction?
where the postsynaptic cell is a motor end plate attached to a muscle fiber
when action potential is generated in the muscle fiber…
it contracts
the nervous system is divided into the…?
CNS and PNS
brain brainstem and spinal cord
what makes up the brain?
4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital limbic system/lobe cerebellum basal ganglia thalamus
what are the parts of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla
what are the parts of the spinal cord?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
what are the types of tracts?
association striatal commissural descending ascending
what is the arcuate fasciculus?
connects frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe areas critical to speech.
what are the cranial nerves composed of?
both motor and sensory fibers that transmit information between the CNS and the body.
explain spinal nerves
extend from 1st cervical vertebrae to upper lumbar vertibrae
in the spinal cord the sensory cells are located in the….. and the motor cells are located in the….
back (dorsal)
front (ventricle)
what is the meninges?
protective coverings of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
what are the different parts of the meninges?
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what are the types of ventricles, and what do they contain?
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
CSF
what is the protective barrier against harmful chemicals and toxins.
blood brain barrier
what is the circle of willis
links arteries between main branches.
what are the main branches of the blood supply?
MCA, ACA, PCA
which main artery branch is important for speech, language, and hearing.
MCA
