Review Flashcards
Author of Quality is Free; known for the 4 cardinal rules of quality management
Philip Crosby
1st President of the American Society for Quality; inspector at Bell Telephone Laboratories
George D. Edwards
Father of quality control; created 14 points for management
W. Edwards Deming
Known for the 9 M’s of quality
Feigenbaum
Emphasized quality control always be considered from the perspective of the customer
Juran
Wrote, ‘Design of Experiments;’ advocate of quality in Japan
Taguchi
Main promoter of quality in Japan
Ishikawa
Standard Deviation
The amount of variation between the members of the data set
Employee of Toyota credited with creating Lean
Taiichi Ohno
3 areas of Lean
transparency, velocity, and value
Velocity
Interval between a customers order and the delivery of the good or service
Kaizen Definition
small continuous improvements that come from the insights of lower level employees rather than executives
Kaizen Goal
Create continuous flow through the organization
System that means each activity in a process should receive only the necessary materials and resources when subsequent activities are demanding the process be completed
Pull
Ultimate goal of continuous improvement
perfection
5 Steps of a Kaizen Event
Train employees on Kaizen, define the problem, brainstorm solutions, agree on a solution, and implement
One of the most common critical metrics; duration required for the completion of a defined process
Cycle Time
Identifies areas of a process that significantly raise expenses
Critical-to-cost-metrics
The amount of completed product divided by the amount of product that began the process
Yield
Difference between perfection and reality
Scrap Rate
If a process has a Yield of 95%, what is the scrap rate?
5%
Average % of units with no defects
Throughput Yield
Comparison with a competitor or industry leader
Benchmarking
Specific comparison with a similar process in another business that might otherwise be quite different
Functional Benchmarking
A cooperative information-sharing program involving at least two businesses
Collaborative benchmarking
5 phases of benchmarking
planning, analysis, integration, action, and maturity
4 categories of the balanced scorecard
financial, customer, internal, and innovation
Metrics monitored by the entire organization to ensure that a strategic plan is being followed
KPI’s aka Key Performance Indicators
The difference between the current worth of cash inflows and the current worth of cash outflows
Net Present Value
System for ranking non-objective data; used to create consensus or agreement in groups
NGT (Nominal Group Technique)
Diagram which organizes a collection of issues, problems, or ideas so they may be used effectively
Affinity Diagram
Breaks down a process into its component tasks with special emphasis on potential problems and solutions
Process decision program chart (PDPC’s)
System for ensuring that customer requirements are aligned with product and process requirements
QFD (Quality Function Deployment)
Kano Model Axis’s
X= quality and Y=satisfaction
Used to identify everything critical that must be done to maintain a project’s timing
Gantt Chart
Used to determine the most useful ways to improve cycle time during analyze phase
Process Cycle Efficiency
Used during the analyze phase to depict the movement of resources, materials, or personnel throughout the organization
Spaghetti Diagram
Distinct measurement which indicates how many times something occurs but not the degree to which it occurred
Attribute Data
A type of sampling that occurs when the population is divided into groups and a sample is taken from each group
Stratified Data
Used in the measure phase to to assess the accuracy of a measurement system within the range of values likely to be observed during the process
Linearity Analysis
Theoretical branch of metrology; develops quantity systems, unit systems, and new methods of measurement
Scientific Metrology
Branch of metrology that uses the measurement systems in manufacturing and other processes; known to be more practical
Applied Metrology
Common tool for assessing measurement uncertainty is the ______
ANOVA - Analysis of variance gauge repeat ability and reproducibility
Used when the true distribution of a population is unknown; asserts that the probability distribution of the sample means will approach a normal distribution as the number of sample increases
Central Theorem Limit
Graphs used for comparison of summary data from numerous data sets; horizontal and vertical accesses; upper and lower limits shown
Box-Whisker Charts
Diagram used to investigate the correlation between two variables
Scatter Diagram
Graphs created by organizing the data from least to greatest; horizontal line is for data values and vertical is for number of observations
Histogram
Type of statistics used for evaluating random samples of populations
Enumerative statistics
Type of statistics that can provide information about processes in action
Analytical statistics
Assessment of the time required to complete each step in a manufacturing process
Takt Time
Formula for achieving Takt Time
dividing the total amount of time available to work by the number of units required each day
A binomial distribution only applies when….
trails are independent and the number of samples in the population is fixed
Distribution which can guess the number of time a particular condition will occur for a given process or population
Poisson distribution
Distributions appropriate fr continuous data with a set lower boundary, usually zero, and no upper boundary
Weibull Distributions
Distribution appropriate for continuous data on which neither normal nor an exponential distribution may be used
Johnson distributions
Four primary parameters of statistical distributions
central tendency, skewness, standard deviation, and kurtosis
Quantifies the ability of a process to meet the expectations of customers and other stakeholders; assures the process is in control
Process Capability Index
Indicates the percentage of samples that will contain the true population mean, also known as (mu)
Confidence Interval
System for identifying when independent variables are influenced by one or more dependent variables
Regression Analysis
Multiple regression analysis must be used if…..
More than one factor influences a dependent variable
Difference between a response’s observed value and a regression model’s predicted value for that response
Residuals
Control charts designed to handle attribute data; they depict the % of samples that have a particular condition in situations where sample sizes may vary and each sample may have more than once occurrence
U Charts
The value that the test aspires to prove
Null Hypothesis
Tests to indicate whether a chose statistical test can provide an accurate and relevant measure
Goodness-of-fit-test
3 examples of goodness-of-fit tests
chi square, anderson-darling, and K-S
Tests that do not require statistical normality or any other quality to be valid; disadvantage is that they require a large sample size
Nonparametric tests
Used to identify extremely risky processes or failures
FMEA
Form of a bar graph in which problems are ranked according to their urgency
Pareto Chart
Japanese word for ‘wasteful or unproductive activity’
muda
