Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the telencephalon derived from and what does it form?
A
Prosencephalon
Forms cerebrum
2
Q
What is the diencephalon formed from and what does it form?
A
From prosencephalon
Forms thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
3
Q
During week five, what does the mesencephalon form?
A
Remains the same
4
Q
What is the metencephalon derived from and what does it form?
A
Rhombencephalon
Forms pons and cerebellum
5
Q
What is the mylencephalon derived from and what does it form?
A
Rhembencephalon
Forms medulla oblongata
6
Q
What are the outer folds of the brain and what are the shallow depressions?
A
Outer folds = gyri
Shallow depressions = sulci
7
Q
What tract connects the different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?
A
Association tracts
8
Q
What tract links the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions?
A
Projection tracts
9
Q
What tract connects between the cerebral hemisphere?
A
Commissural
10
Q
What coordinates walking?
A
Caudate nucleus
11
Q
What controls mood and emotion?
A
Amygdaloid body
12
Q
What is for subconscious movement?
A
Putamen
13
Q
What inhibits the thalamus?
A
Globus pallidus
14
Q
What is for subconscious visual?
A
Claustrum
15
Q
Which group of the brain is for consciousness and emotion?
A
Medial group
16
Q
What group is for mood?
A
Lateral group & anterior group
17
Q
What group is for special senses?
A
Posterior group
18
Q
What group is for somatomotor and somatosensory?
A
Ventral group
19
Q
What part of the mesencephalon is for posture?
A
Tegmentum
20
Q
What part of the mesencephalon is for the visual and auditory relay?
A
Tectum
21
Q
What part of the mesencephalon is inhibits skeletal muscles?
A
Substantia nigra
22
Q
What part of the mesencephalon is for motor tracts?
A
Cerebral peduncle
23
Q
What two parts in the pons are related to respiration?
A
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
24
Q
In the medulla oblongata, what is for proprioception?
A
Olivary nucleus
25
What coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements?
It also performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways
Cerebellum
26
The fornix, cignulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nucleus, septal nucleus, mammillary body, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory tract and olfactory bulb are components of what system?
Limbic system
27
What CNs carry preganglionic parasympathetics?
CN III, VII, IX, X
28
What branch do all postganglionic fibers piggy back on?
Trigeminal
29
Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from and where do they synapse?
Nucleus in brain stem
Synapse at 4 ganglia in head
1. Ciliary
2. Pterygopalatine
3. Otic
4. Submandibular
30
What ganglion is CN III parasympathetic innervated by?
Ciliary
31
What ganglion is CN VII parasympathetic innervated by?
Pterygtopalatine & submandibular ganglion
32
What ganglion is CN IX parasympathetic innervated by?
Otic ganglion
33
What are the three nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve?
```
V1 = Opthalamic nerve
V2 = Maxillary nerve
V3 = Mandibular nerve
```
34
What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?
Frontal nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasocilliary nerve
35
What are the branches of the maxillary nerve (V2)?
Zygomatic nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Superior alveolar nerves
36
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve (V3)?
```
Meningeal branch
Auriculotemporal nerve
Buccal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
```
37
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
A tiny zebra bit my cheek
```
Auricular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
38
Where do you lose vision if there is something wrong with the optic nerve?
Take out one whole eye
39
Where do you leave vision if there is something wrong with the chiasma?
Decussation across midline
| Takes out lateral side in both eyes
40
Where do you lose vision if there is something wrong with the optic tract?
Same side in both eyes lost
41
If you bit the tip of your tongue, what nerve would it send an afferent signal to the brain?
Lingual nerve from trigeminal nerve
42
Describe how tears are produced
1. Produced in lacrimal gland
2. Disperse across eye surface
3. Fluid enters lacrimal canaliculi & collects in lacrimal sac
4. Fluid from sac drains through nasolacrimal duct
5. Fluid enters nasal cavity
43
List the order of the layers in the eye (outside in)
1. Choroid
2. Photoreceptor cells
3. Rods and cones
4. Horizontal layer
5. Bipolar layers
6. Amacrine cells
7. Ganglion cells
44
Describe aqueous humor
1. Epithelial cells covering the ciliary body secrete aqueous humor into the posterior chamber
2. Flows through posterior chamber, around lens, through pupil, into anterior chamber
3. Drained into scleral venous sinus and transported to venous bloodstream
45
What salivary duct is next to the second molar and pretty much only watery saliva?
Parotid duct
46
Which gland produces the most saliva?
Submandibular salivary gland
47
Which gland is a single duct from one single hole just anterior to the hole in mouth?
Submandibular salivary gland
48
What duct does mucusy saliva from multiple ducts come from?
Sublingual salivary gland
49
What type of papillae is on the anterior two thirds of the tongue, do not house taste buds and have no sensory role in gustation?
Filiform
50
What type of papillae is primarily located on the tip and sides of the tongue and contain only a few taste buds each?
Fungiform papillae
51
What type of papillae are the least numerous, but the largest, arranged in inverted V on posterior dorsal surface of tongue, surrounded by a deep, narrow depression and where most of our taste buds are housed?
Circumvallate (vallate)
52
What type of papillae is not well developed on the human tongue, extend as ridges on the posterior lateral sides and house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood?
Foliate
53
What are the distinct characteristics of the human brain?
1. Cerebrum extremely large relative to body size
2. Lateralization of cerebrum
3. Areas of left hemisphere specialized for language
4. Expanded limbic cortex
54
Bitter taste responds to ____________ and tis typically avoided due to association with toxic secondary compounds.
Alkalinity
55
______________ is also known as savoriness and is a response to glutamic acid.
Umami
56
Sour responds to ________ and works closely with sweetness to access ripeness.
Acidity
57
Sweet responds to _________ and has a ________ relationship between sensitivity and body size
Glucose
| Inverse
58
__________ is limited in concentrated forms in nature and important taste to detect.
Salty
59
What are the distinct characteristics of the primate visual system?
1. Frontally directed vision
2. Visual cortex processes opposite visual field
3. Midbrain processes information from opposite visual field
4. Stereoscopic vision
5. Macula
6. Elaboration of visual cortex
60
Olfactory receptors are connected to ________ __________ of the __________.
```
Olfactory bulb
CN I (olfactory nerve)
```
61
_________ is the shell shaped part of the boy labyrinth and concerned with hearing.
Cochlea
62
_____________ is not considered a true nerve and structurally and functionally already part of the CNS.
CN I (olfactory nerve)
63
Olfactory receptors are found in the olfactory epithelium. This is a specialized area of nasal mucosa covering portions of the _______ ________ in the superior nasal cavity
Ethmoid bone (cribiform plate)
64
________ _________ are numerous olfactory axons in the CN I
Fila olfactoria
65
____________ is phylogenetically the oldest portion of the cortical mantle of the cerebral hemisphere, develops in association with the olfactory system and comprised of piriform complex and parahippocampal gyrus.
Paleocortex
66
Olfactory information is carried via _____ and olfactory tract to _______ in the temporal bone
Main olfactory bulb (MOB)
Paleocortex
67
All vertebrates possess ______ except for aquatic mammals
MOB
68
_______ is present in most vertebrates and absent in old world monkeys, apes and humans
Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)
69
________ is thought to receive sensory input via volatile, airborne stimulus and receptors use _______
Main olfactory epithelium (MOE)
MOB
70
__________ receives nonvolatile aromatic stimulus called _________ and uses __________
Vomeronasal organ (VNO)
Pheromones
AOB
71
__________ is the small area of olfactory epithelium located in nasal mucosa posterior to nasopalatine ducts that connect the oral and nasal cavities, known in rodents, not identified in primates and the alert/alarm pheromone reception
Septal organ of Masera (SOM0
72
_________ is found in rodents and maternal and/or alarm pheromone reception
Gruenberg ganglion (septal organ of Gruenberg) (GG)
73
Scroll like bony features of maxilla and ethmoidal elements create _____ ________.
Nasal turbinate bones (nasal conchae)
74
Toward the back of nasal cavity, __________ unites nasal conchae with oral cavity
Nasopharynx
75
__________ _________ are within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary bones and opens into nasal cavity beneath turbinate mucosa
Paranasal sinuses
76
________ is the moist, naked surface surrounding the nasal openings/nostrils of most animals, sensitive to touch and has no olfactory receptors
Rhinarium
77
__________ is used as a flavor enhancer (MSG)
Umami
78
________ taste sensation is typically avoided due to the association with secondary compounds, yet secondarily sought after by humans for other side effects
Bitter
79
Describe the evolutionary transition of the bones making up the jaw joint and the middle ear
1. The quadrate/articular joint became the quadrate/articular and dentary/squamosal joint, which then became the dentary/squamosal joint
2. The quadrate and articular bones became reduced and eventually evolved into the incus, malleus and the angular became the tympanic bone
80
What is the Trade-Off hypothesis?
1. Visual parts of the brain evolved at the expense of olfactory parts in forebrain
2. Idea that specialization of one sensory function will impair another
81
What is the difficulties of the trade off hypothesis?
Difficult to support with comparative anatomical data
82
What are some good explanations for the trade off hypothesis?
1. Importance of vision and skin coloration for sexual signaling good for anthropoid primate trade off
2. Importance of vision in humans and other primates compared to other mammals
3. New data shows reliance on pheromones reduced in primates and shift towards reliance on trichromatic vision
83
______________ are wet nosed primates with a split rhinarium
Strepsirrhine
84
____________ have side facing nostrils
Platyrrhines
85
_______________ have a downward-facing nostrils
Catarrhines
86
____________ & _________ are both haplorhine and dry-nosed primates
Platyrrhines & Catarrhines
87
Strephsirrhines are __________ nosed primates with a _______ rhinarium
Wet-nosed
| Split
88
Platyrrhines have ______ nostrils and part of ___________ primates
Side facing
| Haplorhine
89
Catarrhines have _________ nostrils and are part of _________ primates
Downward-facing
| Haplorhine
90
Haplorhines are _________ primates
Dry-nosed
91
__________ are on hair cells and apical ends are bathed in endolymph
Stereocilia
92
___________ line the inside of the vestibular organ, have stereocilia and are the site of attachment for vestibular nerve endings
Hair cell
93
________ are calcium carbonate crystals that sense gravity and linear acceleration
Otolith
94
________ includes the utricle and saccule within the macula
Otolith organ
95
________ is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris in ampullae
Cupula
96
__________ is the sensory organ of angular acceleration and deceleration in each ampulla and has 3 pairs
Crista ampullaris
97
_____________ is the swellings at the base of semicircular canals
Ampullae
98
___________ is a potassium rich fluid inside the membrane labyrinth that bathes the apical ends of the stereocilia
Endolymph
99
________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented horizontally and sense linear acceleration and is in a horizontal plane
Utricle
100
___________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented vertically and senses linear acceleration in a vertical plane
Saccule
101
____________ is a specially shaped membrane enclosed by the semicircular canals
Membranous labyrinth
102
_______ detect linear and rotational acceleration of the head and enclose the membranous labyrinth
Semicircular canals
103
___________ is between the malleus and incus
Incudomalleolar joint
104
_____________ is between the incus and stapes
Incudostapedial joint
105
___________ muscle inserts on the malleus
Tensor tympani
106
________ muscle moves the stapes
Stapedius
107
_______ is part of the medial labyrinthine wall of the middle ear and is the site where low frequency sound waves exit the inner ear
Round window
108
_______ is part of the medial labyrinthine wall, divides the middle ear from the inner ear and is the site of insertion for the stapes
Oval window
109
________ is the roof of the middle ear. AKA: tegmental wall
Tegmen tympani
110
___________ forms the auditory bulla, where the middle ear is located and located behind the tympanic membrane lines with mucus membrane
Petrous portion of temporal bone (petrosal bone)
111
___________ is the site of speech production
Broca's Area
112
___________ is the site of speech recognition and comprehension
Wernicke's Area
113
_________ divides the outer ear from the middle ear and lies closest to the malleus
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
114
_____________ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube/auditory tube)
115
__________ is formed by the angular; its position varies among mammals. It may be within or outside the auditory bulla
Tympanic ring (ectotympanic ring)
116
__________ is formed by the petrous part of the temporal bone in primates.
Auditory bulla (tympanic bulla)
117
__________ is derived from the angular and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone that houses the tympanic ring
Tympanic bone
118
__________ nerve is transported through the internal acoustic meatus via the petrous portion of the temporal bone
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)
119
___________ is the most primitive middle ear bone and inserts on the oval window. It is derived from branchial arch 2
Stapes
120
_________ middle ear bone is from the quadrate and branchial arch 1
Incus
121
_______ was derived from the articular bone and branchial arch 1 and it acts on the tympanic membrane
Malleus
122
________________ & _____________ were established as part of the jaw in primitive mammals. They started as a part of a 4 bone joint and end up as part of the final 2 bone jaw
Squamosal bone & dentary bone
123
___________ bone becomes part of the tympanic bone
Angular bone
124
________ was originally part of the jaw articular and later became the malleus
Articular bone
125
__________ was originally part of the jaw articular and later became the incus
Quadrate bone
126
_________ is the primitive opening to the inner ear found in early tetrapods
Spiracle
127
What is the vomernasal organ (VNO)? Who has it? And what does it do?
Second area of olfaction present in many mammals (aka Organ of Jacobson)
- humans have low expression
Receives pheromones
Uses accessory olfactory bulb
128
What is thought to be the function of the VNO in humans?
1. Female menstrual synchronization
2. Dimorphic activation of brain activity when exposed to pheromones leading to hormonal responses
3. Pheromones found in apocrine glands, saliva, seminal and vaginal secretions & urine
129
What are some special features of strepsirrhines in their olfaction?
1. Scent glands on wrists, elbow, throat and/or genital areas
2. Lemur catta engage in stink fights by wafting tails
3. Important for protection of young, engage in competition for mates
130
What are some special features of catarrhines and their olfaction?
1. Scent glands on chest and genital areas
| 2. Mandrillus and vervet monkeys and examples of OWM use scent marking to communicate with conspecifics
131
What are the characteristics of auditory system in early tetrapods?
1. Inner ear sensitive to sound vibrations
| 2. Stapes involved in palatal, spiracular manipulations
132
What are characteristics of the auditory system in early therapsids?
Articular, quadrate, stapes involved in conduction
133
Describe the characteristics of the auditory system of primitive mammals
1. Dentary-squamosal joint established
| 2. Articular and quadrate bones specialized for transmitting vibrations
134
Describe the characteristics of the auditory system in advanced mammals
1. Quadrate = incus
2. Articular = malleus
3. Angular = tympanic bone
4. Middle ear sealed off behind tympanic membrane
5. Development of pinna
6. Sound localization
7. Sensitivity to high frequencies
135
Describe the characteristics of the auditory system of humans
1. Specialized for hearing frequencies of human voice
2. Specializations for pitch, volume, direction and language discrimination
3. Broca's area
4. Wernicke's area
136
Describe the lemurs and lorises tympanic/ectotympanic ring
```
Lemurs = ring lies within auditory bulla cavity
Lorises = ring attached to inside wall of bulla cavity
```
137
Describe the New World Platyrrhines and Old World Catarrhines and Tarsiers tympanic/ectotympanic ring
New World Platyrrhines: ring attached to outside of bulla wall
Old World Catarrhines & Tarsiers: ring attached to outside wall of bulla, but forms bony ring (auditory tube = external auditory meatus)
138
What is the earliest mammalian group thought to posses the beginnings of modern mammalian inner ear anatomy?
Dryolestes
139
What are the contents of the middle ear?
1. Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
2. Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
3. Chorda tympani (taste to anterior 2/3 tongue CNVII)4. Tympanic plexus of nerves
140
What are the walls that make up the boundaries of the middle ear?
```
Roof:
Floor:
Lateral:
Medial:
Anterior:
Posterior:
```
Roof: tegmental (temporal bone)
Floor: jugular
Lateral: membranous (tympanic membrane)
Medial: labyrinthine (cochlea, oval and round window)
Anterior: carotid (internal carotid a.)
Posterior: mastoid
141
What is found in the inner ear?
1. Vestibulocochlear organ
2. Cochlea
3. Vestibule
4. Semicircular canals
142
What do you have to open to see the insula?
Lateral fissure
