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Anatomy II Exam 3 > Review > Flashcards

Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the telencephalon derived from and what does it form?

A

Prosencephalon

Forms cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the diencephalon formed from and what does it form?

A

From prosencephalon

Forms thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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3
Q

During week five, what does the mesencephalon form?

A

Remains the same

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4
Q

What is the metencephalon derived from and what does it form?

A

Rhombencephalon

Forms pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

What is the mylencephalon derived from and what does it form?

A

Rhembencephalon

Forms medulla oblongata

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6
Q

What are the outer folds of the brain and what are the shallow depressions?

A

Outer folds = gyri

Shallow depressions = sulci

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7
Q

What tract connects the different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?

A

Association tracts

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8
Q

What tract links the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions?

A

Projection tracts

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9
Q

What tract connects between the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Commissural

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10
Q

What coordinates walking?

A

Caudate nucleus

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11
Q

What controls mood and emotion?

A

Amygdaloid body

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12
Q

What is for subconscious movement?

A

Putamen

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13
Q

What inhibits the thalamus?

A

Globus pallidus

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14
Q

What is for subconscious visual?

A

Claustrum

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15
Q

Which group of the brain is for consciousness and emotion?

A

Medial group

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16
Q

What group is for mood?

A

Lateral group & anterior group

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17
Q

What group is for special senses?

A

Posterior group

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18
Q

What group is for somatomotor and somatosensory?

A

Ventral group

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19
Q

What part of the mesencephalon is for posture?

A

Tegmentum

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20
Q

What part of the mesencephalon is for the visual and auditory relay?

A

Tectum

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21
Q

What part of the mesencephalon is inhibits skeletal muscles?

A

Substantia nigra

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22
Q

What part of the mesencephalon is for motor tracts?

A

Cerebral peduncle

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23
Q

What two parts in the pons are related to respiration?

A

Pneumotaxic center

Apneustic center

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24
Q

In the medulla oblongata, what is for proprioception?

A

Olivary nucleus

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25
Q

What coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth coordinated movements?

It also performs indirectly with voluntary and involuntary motor pathways

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

The fornix, cignulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nucleus, septal nucleus, mammillary body, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory tract and olfactory bulb are components of what system?

A

Limbic system

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27
Q

What CNs carry preganglionic parasympathetics?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

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28
Q

What branch do all postganglionic fibers piggy back on?

A

Trigeminal

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29
Q

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from and where do they synapse?

A

Nucleus in brain stem

Synapse at 4 ganglia in head

  1. Ciliary
  2. Pterygopalatine
  3. Otic
  4. Submandibular
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30
Q

What ganglion is CN III parasympathetic innervated by?

A

Ciliary

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31
Q

What ganglion is CN VII parasympathetic innervated by?

A

Pterygtopalatine & submandibular ganglion

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32
Q

What ganglion is CN IX parasympathetic innervated by?

A

Otic ganglion

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33
Q

What are the three nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
V1 = Opthalamic nerve
V2 = Maxillary nerve
V3 = Mandibular nerve
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34
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?

A

Frontal nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasocilliary nerve

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35
Q

What are the branches of the maxillary nerve (V2)?

A

Zygomatic nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Superior alveolar nerves

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36
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

A 
Meningeal branch
Auriculotemporal nerve
Buccal nerve
Lingual nerve 
Inferior alveolar nerve
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37
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A

A tiny zebra bit my cheek

Auricular 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
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38
Q

Where do you lose vision if there is something wrong with the optic nerve?

A

Take out one whole eye

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39
Q

Where do you leave vision if there is something wrong with the chiasma?

A

Decussation across midline

Takes out lateral side in both eyes

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40
Q

Where do you lose vision if there is something wrong with the optic tract?

A

Same side in both eyes lost

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41
Q

If you bit the tip of your tongue, what nerve would it send an afferent signal to the brain?

A

Lingual nerve from trigeminal nerve

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42
Q

Describe how tears are produced

A
  1. Produced in lacrimal gland
  2. Disperse across eye surface
  3. Fluid enters lacrimal canaliculi & collects in lacrimal sac
  4. Fluid from sac drains through nasolacrimal duct
  5. Fluid enters nasal cavity
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43
Q

List the order of the layers in the eye (outside in)

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Photoreceptor cells
  3. Rods and cones
  4. Horizontal layer
  5. Bipolar layers
  6. Amacrine cells
  7. Ganglion cells
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44
Q

Describe aqueous humor

A
  1. Epithelial cells covering the ciliary body secrete aqueous humor into the posterior chamber
  2. Flows through posterior chamber, around lens, through pupil, into anterior chamber
  3. Drained into scleral venous sinus and transported to venous bloodstream
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45
Q

What salivary duct is next to the second molar and pretty much only watery saliva?

A

Parotid duct

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46
Q

Which gland produces the most saliva?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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47
Q

Which gland is a single duct from one single hole just anterior to the hole in mouth?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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48
Q

What duct does mucusy saliva from multiple ducts come from?

A

Sublingual salivary gland

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49
Q

What type of papillae is on the anterior two thirds of the tongue, do not house taste buds and have no sensory role in gustation?

A

Filiform

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50
Q

What type of papillae is primarily located on the tip and sides of the tongue and contain only a few taste buds each?

A

Fungiform papillae

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51
Q

What type of papillae are the least numerous, but the largest, arranged in inverted V on posterior dorsal surface of tongue, surrounded by a deep, narrow depression and where most of our taste buds are housed?

A

Circumvallate (vallate)

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52
Q

What type of papillae is not well developed on the human tongue, extend as ridges on the posterior lateral sides and house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood?

A

Foliate

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53
Q

What are the distinct characteristics of the human brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum extremely large relative to body size
  2. Lateralization of cerebrum
  3. Areas of left hemisphere specialized for language
  4. Expanded limbic cortex
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54
Q

Bitter taste responds to ____________ and tis typically avoided due to association with toxic secondary compounds.

A

Alkalinity

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55
Q

______________ is also known as savoriness and is a response to glutamic acid.

A

Umami

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56
Q

Sour responds to ________ and works closely with sweetness to access ripeness.

A

Acidity

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57
Q

Sweet responds to _________ and has a ________ relationship between sensitivity and body size

A

Glucose

Inverse

58
Q

__________ is limited in concentrated forms in nature and important taste to detect.

A

Salty

59
Q

What are the distinct characteristics of the primate visual system?

A
  1. Frontally directed vision
  2. Visual cortex processes opposite visual field
  3. Midbrain processes information from opposite visual field
  4. Stereoscopic vision
  5. Macula
  6. Elaboration of visual cortex
60
Q

Olfactory receptors are connected to ________ __________ of the __________.

A 
Olfactory bulb
CN I (olfactory nerve)
61
Q

_________ is the shell shaped part of the boy labyrinth and concerned with hearing.

A

Cochlea

62
Q

_____________ is not considered a true nerve and structurally and functionally already part of the CNS.

A

CN I (olfactory nerve)

63
Q

Olfactory receptors are found in the olfactory epithelium. This is a specialized area of nasal mucosa covering portions of the _______ ________ in the superior nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid bone (cribiform plate)

64
Q

________ _________ are numerous olfactory axons in the CN I

A

Fila olfactoria

65
Q

____________ is phylogenetically the oldest portion of the cortical mantle of the cerebral hemisphere, develops in association with the olfactory system and comprised of piriform complex and parahippocampal gyrus.

A

Paleocortex

66
Q

Olfactory information is carried via _____ and olfactory tract to _______ in the temporal bone

A

Main olfactory bulb (MOB)

Paleocortex

67
Q

All vertebrates possess ______ except for aquatic mammals

A

MOB

68
Q

_______ is present in most vertebrates and absent in old world monkeys, apes and humans

A

Accessory olfactory bulb (AOB)

69
Q

________ is thought to receive sensory input via volatile, airborne stimulus and receptors use _______

A

Main olfactory epithelium (MOE)

MOB

70
Q

__________ receives nonvolatile aromatic stimulus called _________ and uses __________

A

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Pheromones

AOB

71
Q

__________ is the small area of olfactory epithelium located in nasal mucosa posterior to nasopalatine ducts that connect the oral and nasal cavities, known in rodents, not identified in primates and the alert/alarm pheromone reception

A

Septal organ of Masera (SOM0

72
Q

_________ is found in rodents and maternal and/or alarm pheromone reception

A

Gruenberg ganglion (septal organ of Gruenberg) (GG)

73
Q

Scroll like bony features of maxilla and ethmoidal elements create _____ ________.

A

Nasal turbinate bones (nasal conchae)

74
Q

Toward the back of nasal cavity, __________ unites nasal conchae with oral cavity

A

Nasopharynx

75
Q

__________ _________ are within the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary bones and opens into nasal cavity beneath turbinate mucosa

A

Paranasal sinuses

76
Q

________ is the moist, naked surface surrounding the nasal openings/nostrils of most animals, sensitive to touch and has no olfactory receptors

A

Rhinarium

77
Q

__________ is used as a flavor enhancer (MSG)

A

Umami

78
Q

________ taste sensation is typically avoided due to the association with secondary compounds, yet secondarily sought after by humans for other side effects

A

Bitter

79
Q

Describe the evolutionary transition of the bones making up the jaw joint and the middle ear

A
  1. The quadrate/articular joint became the quadrate/articular and dentary/squamosal joint, which then became the dentary/squamosal joint
  2. The quadrate and articular bones became reduced and eventually evolved into the incus, malleus and the angular became the tympanic bone
80
Q

What is the Trade-Off hypothesis?

A
  1. Visual parts of the brain evolved at the expense of olfactory parts in forebrain
  2. Idea that specialization of one sensory function will impair another
81
Q

What is the difficulties of the trade off hypothesis?

A

Difficult to support with comparative anatomical data

82
Q

What are some good explanations for the trade off hypothesis?

A
  1. Importance of vision and skin coloration for sexual signaling good for anthropoid primate trade off
  2. Importance of vision in humans and other primates compared to other mammals
  3. New data shows reliance on pheromones reduced in primates and shift towards reliance on trichromatic vision
83
Q

______________ are wet nosed primates with a split rhinarium

A

Strepsirrhine

84
Q

____________ have side facing nostrils

A

Platyrrhines

85
Q

_______________ have a downward-facing nostrils

A

Catarrhines

86
Q

____________ & _________ are both haplorhine and dry-nosed primates

A

Platyrrhines & Catarrhines

87
Q

Strephsirrhines are __________ nosed primates with a _______ rhinarium

A

Wet-nosed

Split

88
Q

Platyrrhines have ______ nostrils and part of ___________ primates

A

Side facing

Haplorhine

89
Q

Catarrhines have _________ nostrils and are part of _________ primates

A

Downward-facing

Haplorhine

90
Q

Haplorhines are _________ primates

A

Dry-nosed

91
Q

__________ are on hair cells and apical ends are bathed in endolymph

A

Stereocilia

92
Q

___________ line the inside of the vestibular organ, have stereocilia and are the site of attachment for vestibular nerve endings

A

Hair cell

93
Q

________ are calcium carbonate crystals that sense gravity and linear acceleration

A

Otolith

94
Q

________ includes the utricle and saccule within the macula

A

Otolith organ

95
Q

________ is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris in ampullae

A

Cupula

96
Q

__________ is the sensory organ of angular acceleration and deceleration in each ampulla and has 3 pairs

A

Crista ampullaris

97
Q

_____________ is the swellings at the base of semicircular canals

A

Ampullae

98
Q

___________ is a potassium rich fluid inside the membrane labyrinth that bathes the apical ends of the stereocilia

A

Endolymph

99
Q

________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented horizontally and sense linear acceleration and is in a horizontal plane

A

Utricle

100
Q

___________ is an otolith organ within the macula that is oriented vertically and senses linear acceleration in a vertical plane

A

Saccule

101
Q

____________ is a specially shaped membrane enclosed by the semicircular canals

A

Membranous labyrinth

102
Q

_______ detect linear and rotational acceleration of the head and enclose the membranous labyrinth

A

Semicircular canals

103
Q

___________ is between the malleus and incus

A

Incudomalleolar joint

104
Q

_____________ is between the incus and stapes

A

Incudostapedial joint

105
Q

___________ muscle inserts on the malleus

A

Tensor tympani

106
Q

________ muscle moves the stapes

A

Stapedius

107
Q

_______ is part of the medial labyrinthine wall of the middle ear and is the site where low frequency sound waves exit the inner ear

A

Round window

108
Q

_______ is part of the medial labyrinthine wall, divides the middle ear from the inner ear and is the site of insertion for the stapes

A

Oval window

109
Q

________ is the roof of the middle ear. AKA: tegmental wall

A

Tegmen tympani

110
Q

___________ forms the auditory bulla, where the middle ear is located and located behind the tympanic membrane lines with mucus membrane

A

Petrous portion of temporal bone (petrosal bone)

111
Q

___________ is the site of speech production

A

Broca’s Area

112
Q

___________ is the site of speech recognition and comprehension

A

Wernicke’s Area

113
Q

_________ divides the outer ear from the middle ear and lies closest to the malleus

A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

114
Q

_____________ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube/auditory tube)

115
Q

__________ is formed by the angular; its position varies among mammals. It may be within or outside the auditory bulla

A

Tympanic ring (ectotympanic ring)

116
Q

__________ is formed by the petrous part of the temporal bone in primates.

A

Auditory bulla (tympanic bulla)

117
Q

__________ is derived from the angular and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone that houses the tympanic ring

A

Tympanic bone

118
Q

__________ nerve is transported through the internal acoustic meatus via the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve)

119
Q

___________ is the most primitive middle ear bone and inserts on the oval window. It is derived from branchial arch 2

A

Stapes

120
Q

_________ middle ear bone is from the quadrate and branchial arch 1

A

Incus

121
Q

_______ was derived from the articular bone and branchial arch 1 and it acts on the tympanic membrane

A

Malleus

122
Q

________________ & _____________ were established as part of the jaw in primitive mammals. They started as a part of a 4 bone joint and end up as part of the final 2 bone jaw

A

Squamosal bone & dentary bone

123
Q

___________ bone becomes part of the tympanic bone

A

Angular bone

124
Q

________ was originally part of the jaw articular and later became the malleus

A

Articular bone

125
Q

__________ was originally part of the jaw articular and later became the incus

A

Quadrate bone

126
Q

_________ is the primitive opening to the inner ear found in early tetrapods

A

Spiracle

127
Q

What is the vomernasal organ (VNO)? Who has it? And what does it do?

A

Second area of olfaction present in many mammals (aka Organ of Jacobson)

  • humans have low expression

Receives pheromones

Uses accessory olfactory bulb

128
Q

What is thought to be the function of the VNO in humans?

A
  1. Female menstrual synchronization
  2. Dimorphic activation of brain activity when exposed to pheromones leading to hormonal responses
  3. Pheromones found in apocrine glands, saliva, seminal and vaginal secretions & urine
129
Q

What are some special features of strepsirrhines in their olfaction?

A
  1. Scent glands on wrists, elbow, throat and/or genital areas
  2. Lemur catta engage in stink fights by wafting tails
  3. Important for protection of young, engage in competition for mates
130
Q

What are some special features of catarrhines and their olfaction?

A
  1. Scent glands on chest and genital areas

2. Mandrillus and vervet monkeys and examples of OWM use scent marking to communicate with conspecifics

131
Q

What are the characteristics of auditory system in early tetrapods?

A
  1. Inner ear sensitive to sound vibrations

2. Stapes involved in palatal, spiracular manipulations

132
Q

What are characteristics of the auditory system in early therapsids?

A

Articular, quadrate, stapes involved in conduction

133
Q

Describe the characteristics of the auditory system of primitive mammals

A
  1. Dentary-squamosal joint established

2. Articular and quadrate bones specialized for transmitting vibrations

134
Q

Describe the characteristics of the auditory system in advanced mammals

A
  1. Quadrate = incus
  2. Articular = malleus
  3. Angular = tympanic bone
  4. Middle ear sealed off behind tympanic membrane
  5. Development of pinna
  6. Sound localization
  7. Sensitivity to high frequencies
135
Q

Describe the characteristics of the auditory system of humans

A
  1. Specialized for hearing frequencies of human voice
  2. Specializations for pitch, volume, direction and language discrimination
  3. Broca’s area
  4. Wernicke’s area
136
Q

Describe the lemurs and lorises tympanic/ectotympanic ring

A 
Lemurs = ring lies within auditory bulla cavity
Lorises = ring attached to inside wall of bulla cavity
137
Q

Describe the New World Platyrrhines and Old World Catarrhines and Tarsiers tympanic/ectotympanic ring

A

New World Platyrrhines: ring attached to outside of bulla wall

Old World Catarrhines & Tarsiers: ring attached to outside wall of bulla, but forms bony ring (auditory tube = external auditory meatus)

138
Q

What is the earliest mammalian group thought to posses the beginnings of modern mammalian inner ear anatomy?

A

Dryolestes

139
Q

What are the contents of the middle ear?

A
  1. Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  2. Stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
  3. Chorda tympani (taste to anterior 2/3 tongue CNVII)4. Tympanic plexus of nerves
140
Q

What are the walls that make up the boundaries of the middle ear?

Roof:
Floor:
Lateral: 
Medial:
Anterior:
Posterior:
A

Roof: tegmental (temporal bone)

Floor: jugular

Lateral: membranous (tympanic membrane)

Medial: labyrinthine (cochlea, oval and round window)

Anterior: carotid (internal carotid a.)

Posterior: mastoid

141
Q

What is found in the inner ear?

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear organ
  2. Cochlea
  3. Vestibule
  4. Semicircular canals
142
Q

What do you have to open to see the insula?

A

Lateral fissure

Anatomy II Exam 3 (2 decks)

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