review Flashcards
what is reward deficiency syndrome?
people may abuse drugs because their reward centre is not activated, they feel unrewarded for everything they do
what is an unconscious state?
information not accessible to conciouss awareness
what drugs are classified as depressants?
alcohol, sedative hypnotics, and opioids, slow activity of the CNS,
what drugs are classified as stimulants?
caffein, nictoine and coccain, increase activity of the CNS
what are hallucinogens?
lsd, marijuana and ecstasy, change state of awareness
what neurotransmitter does alcohol use?
gabba
what is the activation synthesis model?
Theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to synthesize or organize random internally generated signals and give them meaning.
what is the adaptive theory of sleep?
Theory that organisms sleep for the purposes of self-preservation
what describes consciousness?
Personal awareness of ongoing mental processes
what is splitting of consciousness into two dimensions?
dissociation
what is a hypnogogic state?
pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena
what is implicit learning?
information without awareness.
what is latent learning?
learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.
what is modelling?
observer learns from the behaviour of another.
what is the difference between negative and positive punishment?
+ (Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated)
- (Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated)
what is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement?
+ (Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur)
- (Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur)
what does observational learning include?
Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models.
A person with a deficit in reading comprehension, written spelling, and word recognition would have?
a reading disorder
what is shaping?
Introducing new behaviour by reinforcing small approximations of the desired behaviour.
what is the difference between stimulus generalization and discrimination?
stimulus generalization-> occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response
stimulus discrimination-> when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
what is vicarious learning?
occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so.
what is sensitization?
non-associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.
what are 3 forms of non associative learning?
habituation, dishabituation, sensitization
what are the two major forms of associative learning?
classical and operant
what is classical conditioning?
unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
what is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?
habituation-> paying less attention to a stimulus after presented multiple times
dishabituation-> recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habitation.
what is the information processing theory?
developmental theory focusing on how children learn, remember, organize, and use information from their environment.
what describes learned helplessness?
repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts
what are two examples of secondary reinforcement?
A kindergartener receives praise from his teacher for holding his pencil correctly.
A student studies hard and receives a good grade on an exam.
A number of criteria are identified in the DSM-5 as needing to be excluded in order for a person to be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. Which of the following is one of these exclusions?
learning problems primarily due to visual and auditory complications
waking up each time you hear the floor squeak in your new dorm room is an example of?
dishabituation
Disorders of written expression occur..?
independently of reading or communication disorders.
The most prominent cognitive explanation for unconscious processing comes from the concept of ________ memories?
implicit
A teenager successfully driving to school for the first time by herself best exemplifies__________ Learning?
latent
what is an actual recommendation from the committee, Putting a Canadian Face on Learning Disabilities?
increase public funding for education
Which of the following accurately depicts activity in the brain when we are awake?
Many networks of neurons must be active simultaneously.
A slot machine at a casino is an example of a ________ reinforcement?
variable ratio
A specific learning disorder involves?
a deficit in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in spoken or written language.
what is opening up meditation?
imagine yourself as another person, receive new expierences
what is concentrative meditation?
concentrate on an object phrase or word called mantra
Habituation is used as a tool for measuring an infant’s ability to recognize and discriminate objects because?
of an infant’s limited response options.
