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Ps101 midterm 2 > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

1
Q

what is reward deficiency syndrome?

A

people may abuse drugs because their reward centre is not activated, they feel unrewarded for everything they do

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2
Q

what is an unconscious state?

A

information not accessible to conciouss awareness

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3
Q

what drugs are classified as depressants?

A

alcohol, sedative hypnotics, and opioids, slow activity of the CNS,

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4
Q

what drugs are classified as stimulants?

A

caffein, nictoine and coccain, increase activity of the CNS

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5
Q

what are hallucinogens?

A

lsd, marijuana and ecstasy, change state of awareness

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6
Q

what neurotransmitter does alcohol use?

A

gabba

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7
Q

what is the activation synthesis model?

A

Theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to synthesize or organize random internally generated signals and give them meaning.

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8
Q

what is the adaptive theory of sleep?

A

Theory that organisms sleep for the purposes of self-preservation

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9
Q

what describes consciousness?

A

Personal awareness of ongoing mental processes

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10
Q

what is splitting of consciousness into two dimensions?

A

dissociation

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11
Q

what is a hypnogogic state?

A

pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena

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12
Q

what is implicit learning?

A

information without awareness.

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13
Q

what is latent learning?

A

learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.

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14
Q

what is modelling?

A

observer learns from the behaviour of another.

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15
Q

what is the difference between negative and positive punishment?

A

+ (Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated)

  • (Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated)
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16
Q

what is the difference between negative and positive reinforcement?

A

+ (Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur)

  • (Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur)
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17
Q

what does observational learning include?

A

Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models.

18
Q

A person with a deficit in reading comprehension, written spelling, and word recognition would have?

A

a reading disorder

19
Q

what is shaping?

A

Introducing new behaviour by reinforcing small approximations of the desired behaviour.

20
Q

what is the difference between stimulus generalization and discrimination?

A

stimulus generalization-> occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response

stimulus discrimination-> when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

21
Q

what is vicarious learning?

A

occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so.

22
Q

what is sensitization?

A

non-associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.

23
Q

what are 3 forms of non associative learning?

A

habituation, dishabituation, sensitization

24
Q

what are the two major forms of associative learning?

A

classical and operant

25
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.

26
Q

what is the difference between habituation and dishabituation?

A

habituation-> paying less attention to a stimulus after presented multiple times

dishabituation-> recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habitation.

27
Q

what is the information processing theory?

A

developmental theory focusing on how children learn, remember, organize, and use information from their environment.

28
Q

what describes learned helplessness?

A

repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts

29
Q

what are two examples of secondary reinforcement?

A

A kindergartener receives praise from his teacher for holding his pencil correctly.

A student studies hard and receives a good grade on an exam.

30
Q

A number of criteria are identified in the DSM-5 as needing to be excluded in order for a person to be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. Which of the following is one of these exclusions?

A

learning problems primarily due to visual and auditory complications

31
Q

waking up each time you hear the floor squeak in your new dorm room is an example of?

A

dishabituation

32
Q

Disorders of written expression occur..?

A

independently of reading or communication disorders.

33
Q

The most prominent cognitive explanation for unconscious processing comes from the concept of ________ memories?

A

implicit

34
Q

A teenager successfully driving to school for the first time by herself best exemplifies__________ Learning?

A

latent

35
Q

what is an actual recommendation from the committee, Putting a Canadian Face on Learning Disabilities?

A

increase public funding for education

36
Q

Which of the following accurately depicts activity in the brain when we are awake?

A

Many networks of neurons must be active simultaneously.

37
Q

A slot machine at a casino is an example of a ________ reinforcement?

A

variable ratio

38
Q

A specific learning disorder involves?

A

a deficit in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in spoken or written language.

39
Q

what is opening up meditation?

A

imagine yourself as another person, receive new expierences

40
Q

what is concentrative meditation?

A

concentrate on an object phrase or word called mantra

41
Q

Habituation is used as a tool for measuring an infant’s ability to recognize and discriminate objects because?

A

of an infant’s limited response options.

Ps101 midterm 2 (1 decks)

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