Review

Question 1

4 elements essential to life?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 2

Water : polar or non polar?

Answer 2

Polar

Question 3

Why is water polar?

Answer 3

Hydrogen bonds; the oxygen atom electronegative and doesn’t share electron equally, so it pulls the hydrogen atoms to one side

Question 4

What elements/atoms do hydrogen bonds occur in?

Answer 4

Hydrogen bonds with oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine

Question 5

What are properties of water?

Answer 5

Cohesive, adhesive, high specific heat, ice less dense the liquid form, temperature moderation, excellent solvent, surface tension

Question 6

What is a buffer?

Answer 6

a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Buffers typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts.

Question 7

How does the buffer help to maintain pH?

Answer 7

It helps to offset the effects during the addition of a strong acid or base

Question 8

pH of acids? Bases?

Answer 8

pH of 7 (10^-7) is neutral
pH less than 7 is acidic
pH more than 7 is basic

Question 9

Vitalism vs. mechanism

Answer 9

Vitalism: the idea that things are alive because they have a soul/spirit.

Mechanism: the idea that things are alive because they are more complex in some (or many) ways.

Question 10

Miller/Urey experiment

Answer 10

Importance: several organic compounds can be spontaneously formed by simulating the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere
Reactants: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water
Products: Carbon monoxide, nitrogen

Question 11

Dehydration v. Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 11

Dehydration: the combination of two amino acids (protein) through a peptide bond

Hydrolysis: the decombining of the peptide bond and two amino acids

Question 12

Types of linkage groups?

Answer 12

Ester linkage, glucose linkage

Question 13

Insoluble fiber

Answer 13

An insoluble fiber is a dietary fiber made to help pass food through the small intestine

Question 14

Alpha v. beta glycosidic linkages

Answer 14

In the structure, if, at the 1 Carbon, the H is over the OH, it’s an alpha. Beta is OH over H at the 1 Carbon.

Question 15

What type of linkages can humans digest?

Answer 15

Glucose linkages, the bond had to be alpha

Question 16

Saturated v. Unsaturated fats: properties and structure.

Answer 16

Saturated: bad cholesterol, last long, high melting point, solid @ room temp
Unsaturated: good cholesterol, low melting point, spoil easily, liquid @room temp

Question 17

Protein bonds in primary, secondary and tertiary structures?

Answer 17

Primary: covalent, specifically peptide
Secondary: hydrogen
Tertiary: disulfide and hydrogen

Question 18

What could result from a single amino acid change in a polypeptide sequence?

Answer 18

The whole chain could unfold and have to start a new one

Question 19

What is a chaperonin?

Answer 19

a protein that aids the assembly and folding of other protein molecules in living cells.

Question 20

Difference between the 5’ and 3’ ends of a Nucleic acid?

Answer 20

5’ has a phosphate group and 3’ has a hydroxyl group

Question 21

Pentose v. Hexose. Example?

Answer 21

Pentose: 5 carbons, ribose
Hexose: 6 carbons, glucose

Question 22

Double ring structure

Answer 22

Purine: Adenine 20%, Guanine 30%

Question 23

Single ring structure

Answer 23

Pyrimidine: Cytosine 30%, Thymine 20%, Uracil

Question 24

Functional groups

Answer 24

-OH, -CO, -COOH, -NH2, -SH