Review Flashcards
4 elements essential to life?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Water : polar or non polar?
Polar
Why is water polar?
Hydrogen bonds; the oxygen atom electronegative and doesn’t share electron equally, so it pulls the hydrogen atoms to one side
What elements/atoms do hydrogen bonds occur in?
Hydrogen bonds with oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine
What are properties of water?
Cohesive, adhesive, high specific heat, ice less dense the liquid form, temperature moderation, excellent solvent, surface tension
What is a buffer?
a solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Buffers typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts.
How does the buffer help to maintain pH?
It helps to offset the effects during the addition of a strong acid or base
pH of acids? Bases?
pH of 7 (10^-7) is neutral
pH less than 7 is acidic
pH more than 7 is basic
Vitalism vs. mechanism
Vitalism: the idea that things are alive because they have a soul/spirit.
Mechanism: the idea that things are alive because they are more complex in some (or many) ways.
Miller/Urey experiment
Importance: several organic compounds can be spontaneously formed by simulating the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere
Reactants: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water
Products: Carbon monoxide, nitrogen
Dehydration v. Hydrolysis reaction
Dehydration: the combination of two amino acids (protein) through a peptide bond
Hydrolysis: the decombining of the peptide bond and two amino acids
Types of linkage groups?
Ester linkage, glucose linkage
Insoluble fiber
An insoluble fiber is a dietary fiber made to help pass food through the small intestine
Alpha v. beta glycosidic linkages
In the structure, if, at the 1 Carbon, the H is over the OH, it’s an alpha. Beta is OH over H at the 1 Carbon.
What type of linkages can humans digest?
Glucose linkages, the bond had to be alpha
Saturated v. Unsaturated fats: properties and structure.
Saturated: bad cholesterol, last long, high melting point, solid @ room temp
Unsaturated: good cholesterol, low melting point, spoil easily, liquid @room temp
Protein bonds in primary, secondary and tertiary structures?
Primary: covalent, specifically peptide
Secondary: hydrogen
Tertiary: disulfide and hydrogen
What could result from a single amino acid change in a polypeptide sequence?
The whole chain could unfold and have to start a new one
What is a chaperonin?
a protein that aids the assembly and folding of other protein molecules in living cells.
Difference between the 5’ and 3’ ends of a Nucleic acid?
5’ has a phosphate group and 3’ has a hydroxyl group
Pentose v. Hexose. Example?
Pentose: 5 carbons, ribose
Hexose: 6 carbons, glucose
Double ring structure
Purine: Adenine 20%, Guanine 30%
Single ring structure
Pyrimidine: Cytosine 30%, Thymine 20%, Uracil
Functional groups
-OH, -CO, -COOH, -NH2, -SH
