Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Final > review > Flashcards

review Flashcards

1
Q

One of the most important intracellular process that requires energy

A

Formation of Peptide Linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much energy stored in peptide bond?

A

500-5,000 cal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much energy required to form 1 peptide linkage?

A

4 high-energy phosphate bonds (48,000 cal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ornithine Cycle converts ____ to _____.

A

ammonia to urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What steps of Ornithine Cycle take place in the mitochondria?

A

CO2 + NH4 –> carbamoyl phosphate

carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine –> citrulline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to fumarate in the ornithine cycle?

A

enters TCA cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What forms urea?

A

Arginine + H20 –> UREA + ornithine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major Rate-Limiting Factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Best known stimuli for increasing rate of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do thyroid levels affect energy levels?

A 
Hypothyroid = Lethargic
Hyperthyroid = energetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

High insulin promotes usage of what for energy?

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Low insulin promotes usage of what for energy?

A

fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vascular supply of Liver

A

High blood flow & Low vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effect of cirrhosis on blood flow

A

increase resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effect of clot blocking portal vein

A

blockage of return blood from spleen & intestines: increase capillary pressure in intestinal wall –> loss of fluid –> death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ascites

A

large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

elevated pressure in hepatic veins causes

A

ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is heme transported in the blood?

A

Transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to bilirubin secreted into the intestine?

A

converted to urobilinogen via bacterial action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A 
obesity
insulin resistance
fasting hyperglycemia
increased lipid triglycerides
decreased HDL levels
HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heme oxygenase catalyzes ____ to ____

A

heme to biliverdin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

biliverdin –> ____ in the reticuloendothelial system

A

free (unconjugated) bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

down-regulation of receptors

A

decreases target tissues responsiveness to hormones

24
Q

up-regulation of receptors

A

increases target tissue responsiveness to hormones

25
Q

calcium binds to ____

A

calmodulin

26
Q

Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

adrenal and steroidal hormones
thyroid hormones
retinoid hormones
Vitamin D

27
Q

Activated hormone receptor complex binds to what sequence of DNA?

A

Hormone Response Element

28
Q

Somatotropes (acidophils)

A

Human Growth Factor

29
Q

Corticotropes

A

ACTH

30
Q

Thyrotropes

A

TSH

31
Q

Gonadotropes

A

FSH & LH

32
Q

Lactotropes

A

prolactin

33
Q

What pump is on the basal membrane of thyroid cell?

A

Sodium Iodide Symporter (2:1)

34
Q

What pump is on the apical membrane of thyroid cell?

A

Pendrin

chloride-iodide counter-transporter

35
Q

Is T3 or T4 more active?

A 
T3 (triiodothyronine)
but T4 (thyroxine) is the major hormonal product
36
Q

2 DIT =

A

Thyroxine (T4)

37
Q

DIT + MIT =

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

38
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A 
causes: Graves' Disease, Adenoma
Sx: high state of excitability
intolerance to heat
increased sweating
mild to extreme weight loss
varying degrees of diarrhea
muscle weakness
39
Q

Major Mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

40
Q

Effects of Aldosterone

A

increased sodium absorption by principal cells
increased K+ secretion by principal cells
increased H+ secretion by intercalated cells

(Increases ECF/Blood Volume)

41
Q

Aldosterone secreted from

A

zona glomerulosa

outermost adrenal cortex

42
Q

Decreased Blood Volume –> Decreased Renal Perfusion Pressure –>

A

increased renin secretion

43
Q

Renin

A

activates angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

(ACE converts angiotensin 1 –> angiotensin II

44
Q

Angiotensin II

A

corticosterone –> ALDOSTERONE

45
Q

Major Glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

46
Q

Glucocorticoids secreted from

A

Zona Fasciulata in adrenal cortex

47
Q

Functions of Glucocorticoids

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis: “Adrenal Diabetes”
increase protein catabolism
mobilizes amino acids from extra hepatic tissues
enhances transfer of amino acids into hepatic cells
increases enzymes required to convert AAs to glucose
decrease glucose utilization by cells
increase Lipolysis

**Resolution of Inflammation & Inhibits Immune Response

48
Q

Hypoadrenalism

A

1˚(Addison’s) due to injury of adrenal cortex
2˚ due to impaired fxn of pituitary gland

mineralocorticoid deficiency
glucocorticoid deficiency
melanin pigmentation

49
Q

Hyperadrenalism

A

Cushing’s Disease

“Buffalo Torso”

50
Q

If calcium intake is 1,000 mg/day - how much excreted in feces?

A

900

51
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

carpopedal spasm ~6mg/dl

lethal ~4mg/dl

52
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

53
Q

calcium-binding protein in the intestinal epithelium

A

calbindin

54
Q

cholecalciferol (vit D3) where?

A

skin

55
Q

Vit D3 to liver

A

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

56
Q

where is Vitamin D activated?

A

in kidney via PTH

57
Q

What does vitamin D do in the body?

A

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

Physiology Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions