review

Question 1

One of the most important intracellular process that requires energy

Answer 1

Formation of Peptide Linkages

Question 2

How much energy stored in peptide bond?

Answer 2

500-5,000 cal

Question 3

How much energy required to form 1 peptide linkage?

Answer 3

4 high-energy phosphate bonds (48,000 cal)

Question 4

Ornithine Cycle converts ____ to _____.

Answer 4

ammonia to urea

Question 5

What steps of Ornithine Cycle take place in the mitochondria?

Answer 5

CO2 + NH4 –> carbamoyl phosphate

carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine –> citrulline

Question 6

What happens to fumarate in the ornithine cycle?

Answer 6

enters TCA cycle

Question 7

What forms urea?

Answer 7

Arginine + H20 –> UREA + ornithine

Question 8

Major Rate-Limiting Factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body

Answer 8

ADP

Question 9

Best known stimuli for increasing rate of thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 9

cold

Question 10

How do thyroid levels affect energy levels?

Answer 10

Hypothyroid = Lethargic
Hyperthyroid = energetic

Question 11

High insulin promotes usage of what for energy?

Answer 11

carbohydrates

Question 12

Low insulin promotes usage of what for energy?

Answer 12

fat

Question 13

Vascular supply of Liver

Answer 13

High blood flow & Low vascular resistance

Question 14

Effect of cirrhosis on blood flow

Answer 14

increase resistance

Question 15

Effect of clot blocking portal vein

Answer 15

blockage of return blood from spleen & intestines: increase capillary pressure in intestinal wall –> loss of fluid –> death

Question 16

Ascites

Answer 16

large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity

Question 17

elevated pressure in hepatic veins causes

Answer 17

ascites

Question 18

How is heme transported in the blood?

Answer 18

Transferrin

Question 19

What happens to bilirubin secreted into the intestine?

Answer 19

converted to urobilinogen via bacterial action

Question 20

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 20

obesity
insulin resistance
fasting hyperglycemia
increased lipid triglycerides
decreased HDL levels
HTN

Question 21

Heme oxygenase catalyzes ____ to ____

Answer 21

heme to biliverdin

Question 22

biliverdin –> ____ in the reticuloendothelial system

Answer 22

free (unconjugated) bilirubin

Question 23

down-regulation of receptors

Answer 23

decreases target tissues responsiveness to hormones

Question 24

up-regulation of receptors

Answer 24

increases target tissue responsiveness to hormones

Question 25

calcium binds to ____

Answer 25

calmodulin

Question 26

Lipid Soluble Hormones

Answer 26

adrenal and steroidal hormones thyroid hormones retinoid hormones Vitamin D

Question 27

Activated hormone receptor complex binds to what sequence of DNA?

Answer 27

Hormone Response Element

Question 28

Somatotropes (acidophils)

Answer 28

Human Growth Factor

Question 29

Corticotropes

Answer 29

ACTH

Question 30

Thyrotropes

Answer 30

TSH

Question 31

Gonadotropes

Answer 31

FSH & LH

Question 32

Lactotropes

Answer 32

prolactin

Question 33

What pump is on the basal membrane of thyroid cell?

Answer 33

Sodium Iodide Symporter (2:1)

Question 34

What pump is on the apical membrane of thyroid cell?

Answer 34

Pendrin | chloride-iodide counter-transporter

Question 35

Is T3 or T4 more active?

Answer 35

``` T3 (triiodothyronine) but T4 (thyroxine) is the major hormonal product ```

Question 36

2 DIT =

Answer 36

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 37

DIT + MIT =

Answer 37

triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 38

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 38

``` causes: Graves' Disease, Adenoma Sx: high state of excitability intolerance to heat increased sweating mild to extreme weight loss varying degrees of diarrhea muscle weakness ```

Question 39

Major Mineralocorticoid

Answer 39

Aldosterone

Question 40

Effects of Aldosterone

Answer 40

increased sodium absorption by principal cells increased K+ secretion by principal cells increased H+ secretion by intercalated cells (Increases ECF/Blood Volume)

Question 41

Aldosterone secreted from

Answer 41

zona glomerulosa | outermost adrenal cortex

Question 42

Decreased Blood Volume --> Decreased Renal Perfusion Pressure -->

Answer 42

increased renin secretion

Question 43

Renin

Answer 43

activates angiotensinogen --> angiotensin I (ACE converts angiotensin 1 --> angiotensin II

Question 44

Angiotensin II

Answer 44

corticosterone --> ALDOSTERONE

Question 45

Major Glucocorticoid

Answer 45

Cortisol

Question 46

Glucocorticoids secreted from

Answer 46

Zona Fasciulata in adrenal cortex

Question 47

Functions of Glucocorticoids

Answer 47

stimulates gluconeogenesis: "Adrenal Diabetes" increase protein catabolism mobilizes amino acids from extra hepatic tissues enhances transfer of amino acids into hepatic cells increases enzymes required to convert AAs to glucose decrease glucose utilization by cells increase Lipolysis **Resolution of Inflammation & Inhibits Immune Response

Question 48

Hypoadrenalism

Answer 48

1˚ (Addison's) due to injury of adrenal cortex 2˚ due to impaired fxn of pituitary gland mineralocorticoid deficiency glucocorticoid deficiency melanin pigmentation

Question 49

Hyperadrenalism

Answer 49

Cushing's Disease | "Buffalo Torso"

Question 50

If calcium intake is 1,000 mg/day - how much excreted in feces?

Answer 50

900

Question 51

Hypocalcemia

Answer 51

carpopedal spasm ~6mg/dl | lethal ~4mg/dl

Question 52

Active form of Vitamin D

Answer 52

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 53

calcium-binding protein in the intestinal epithelium

Answer 53

calbindin

Question 54

cholecalciferol (vit D3) where?

Answer 54

skin

Question 55

Vit D3 to liver

Answer 55

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 56

where is Vitamin D activated?

Answer 56

in kidney via PTH

Question 57

What does vitamin D do in the body?

Answer 57

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium